ii irt) o t 



m m^M 







NEW YORK: 

D. & J. SADLIER & COMPANY, 

31 & 33 Barclay Street. 



librarTdTcongress;" 

Shelf-..:./ 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



1R?^(i 



D. & J. SADLIER & CO.'S 



Preparatory History 



OF THE 



UNITED STATES. 




NEW YORK: 

D. & J. SADLIER & CO, 

81 & 83 Barclay Street. 



CoPYRrGHT, 1886. 

D. & J. SADLIER & CO. 



^\']% 
^\^ 



"Electrotypes' by Smith & McDougal, 8a Beekman street, New Vork. 



PRE FAC E 



rr^HIS text-book, prepared in accordance with the 
-■- latest conclusions of the most eminent historians 
of America, has been arranged in catechetical form, 
because that was deemed the best for youthful pupils. 
The advantage of the narrative form, however, is also 
secured by the summary, which follows each lesson, 
and serves to impress the principal events treated 
therein upon the pupil's mind. 

The answers are short and in language intelligible 
to the most youthful student ; the geographical defini- 
tions at the beginning of every lesson have been added 
at the suggestion of an experienced and successful 
teacher of history, and it has been thought well to add 
to these a brief outline of the great authors from 
whom quotations are made. 

The prominent part which Catholics have had in 
the history of our country has been amply and justly 
treated. 



IV PREFACE. 

Times of peace have been treated more fully than 
times of war ; and many curious facts and incidents 
have been introduced, in the endeavor to make the 
study of history attractive to the beginner. 

The numerous and beautiful illustrations, for many 
of which they are indebted to Messrs. Harper & 
Brothers, who have supplied them from Lossing's 
Cyclopedia of United States History, are indicative of 
a similar wish on the part of the publishers, who in- 
deed have spared no trouble or expense in their desire 
to make this in every way a model text-book. 



LESSON 



CONTENTS 



l._Pre-Historic Period of America. 



PART I. 

FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 
LE.SOX I -Discovery of Amei-ica by Christopher Columbus. 
^ n —Other Great Discoverers of America. 
Chronological Table of the Fifteenth Century. 

PART II. 

SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 

Lesson I.-Spanish Explorers. 
II —French Explorers. 
- Ill'— English Attempts at Colonization. 
Chronological Table of the Sixteenth Century. 

PART III. 

SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 

Lesson L— Settlement of Virginia. 

II —Settlement of New England. 
.< Ill'-Colonization of New France ; the Jesuits. 
.< IV -Settlement of New York and New Jersey. 

v'.-Settlement of Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, 
and the Carolinas. 
i< VT —Explorations of the Jesuits. 
. VIL-New France and New England at the close of 

the Seventeenth Century. 
Chronological Table of the Seventeenth Century. 



VI CONTENTS. 

PART IV. 

EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 

Lesson I, — Queen Anne's War. King George's War. 
" II. — French and Indian War. 

" III. — French and Indian War (concluded). 

" W.— The Eevolution. 

*' V. — The Revolution (continued). 

" YI. — The Revolution (continued). 

" VII. — The Revolution (concluded). 
" VIII. — Catholics and the American Revolution. 
Chronological Table of the Eighteenth Century. 

PART V. 

NINETEENTH CENTURY. 

Lesson 1. — From Jefferson's to Buchanan's Administration. 
II.— The Civil War. 
'• III.— From 1865 to 1886. 
Chronolosrical Table of the Nineteenth Century. 



PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD. 



LESSON I, 



AMERICA BEFORE 1492. 



Pre'his-tor-ic. Relating to a 
time before that described in 
history. 

P6t'ter-y. Earthen-ware glazed 
and baked. 

Mi'ca. A mineral that can be 
cleaved into elastic plates of 
extreme thinness. 

Ob-sid'i-an, A kind of glass 
produced by volcanoes. 

Norse'men. Inhabitants of 
ancient Norway and Swe- 
den. 



Vinland [mneland). This name 
was given because of the wild 
grapes found there. 

Vikings {mek'ings). Pirates. 
Their name came from Vik, a 
Norse word meaning Inlet, be- 
cause they used toharbortlieir 
boats in inlets on the coast. 

Behring {beering) Strait. A 
body of water which separates 
Asia from North America, 
and connects Behring Sea 
and the Arctic Ocean. 



1. What is History? 

A record of events ; the story of the past. 

2. What is the pre-historic time of a country ? 

A time of which so little is known as to make it 
impossible for its history to be Avritten. 

3. What is the pre-historic time of America ? 
All that before the year 1492. 



8 PRE-HlSTOllIC PEKIOD. 

4. Was America inhabited during that time » 
It is certain that the valleys of the Mississippi, Ohio, 
and Missouri rivers, and the region bordering on the 
Gulf of Mexico, were peopled for centuries. 




MOUND AT MARIETTA, OHIO. 

5. What name has been given to the people who built 
in this region ? 

Mound-builders. 

6. How did they or their ancestors reach America ? 

It is not positivel}'^ known, but it is thought from 
Asia {aij'she-a) by way of Behring {beer'ing) Strait. 



AMERICA BEFORE 1493. 9 

7. Why are they called Mound-builders ? 

Because of the great number of artificial hillocks of 
earth which they built, especially in Ohio. 

8. For what purpose did these mounds serve ? 

For religious rites, for burial places, for defense, 
and for posts of observation. 

9. When opened, vrha.t was found in them ? 

Pottery, often executed with much talent and skill, 
and an immense number of pipes, curiously carved to 
represent animals, birds, and human beings. This 
fact shows that the Mound-builders * were great 
smokers. 

10. What else was found in the 
mounds ? 

Tools and ornaments made 
of stone, shell, mica, copper, 
mixed with silver, and obsidian. 

11. What knowledge do we 
gain from this ? 

That the Mound- 
builders were trad- 
ers, for the mica 
must have been 
brought from the 
Alleghanies ; the 
copper from the 
shores of Lake Supe- 
rior ; the pearls and 
shells from the Gulf ; and"' 
tlie obsidian from Mexico. vase pound in Missouri. 




10 PKE-HISTOKIC PERIOD. 

12. What were the Mound-builders once believed to have 
been? 

A civilized race who had mysteriously vanished. 
But they are now thought to have been only the an- 
cestors of the Indians. 

13. What is one proof of this? 

The fact that some mounds have been found to con- 
tain articles brought to America by the white men. 

14. What is another proof of this ? 

When the French missionaries first visited the tribes 
about Lake Superior, in the seventeenth century, they 
found them using copper tools like those found in the 
mounds. 

15. Had not the Indians lost all traces of civilization at 
the time of Columbus ? 

By no means. In the southern part of the United 
States there were powerful tribes who dwelt in fortified 
towns, tilled the ground, and built their temples on 
mounds. 

16. What became of these more cultured tribes ? 

Many were destroyed, and those that remained grad- 
ually gave up their tedious arts when they found that 
their wants could be supplied more easily through 
barter with the whites. 

17. What people lived in New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, 
and Colorado during the pre-historic time ? 

The Cliff-dwellers. 

18. Why are they called Cliff-dwellers ? 

Because they made their homes in the rocks. They 
were still more civilized than the Mound-builders. 



AMERICA BEFOEE 1492. 11 

19. Were Columbus and his companions the first white 
men that came to America ? 

About the year 1000, the Norsemen, or Vikings 
(veek'ings), visited the coast of North America. 

20. At what part did they land ? 

It is not positively known, but is thought to have 
been on the coast of New England. They named the 
spot Yinland, on account of the grapes they found 
there. 

21. Had Columbus heard of the Norwegians' discovery'? 

It is far from probable that he ever did so. 

SUMMARY. 

I. North America was certainly peopled during many centu- 
ries of its pre-historie jjeriod by races whom we call Mound- 
builders and Cliff-dwellers. They were once believed to have 
been an entirely distinct race from the North American Indian, 
but as science progresses there is a growing belief that they 
were merely the predecessors of the Indians whom Columbus 
found here. 

II. The Indians were not all savage at the time of the dis- 
covery by Columbus. In Ohio and the southern portion of the 
United States, they were semi-civilized. 

III. The Norwegians visited some spot on the North Amer- 
ican coast which they called Vinland, five centuries before 
Columbus, but it is very improbable that he ever heard of this 
expedition. 



PART I. 
FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 



LESSON" I. 

CHRISTOPHER COL-UMBUS. 



Genoa. A famous city of Italy, 
on the Mediterranean Sea, 
said to have been founded be- 
fore Rome. 



Te De'um {day' urn). An old 
and celebrated Catholic hymn 
composed by St. Ambrose at 
the baptism of St. Augustine. 



I. Did Europeans in the fifteenth century know the true 
shape of the earth ? 

No ; they believed it to be a flat surface with the 
ocean lying about its edges. Only a few learned men 
supposed it to be a sphere, and even they tliought it 
much smaller than it really is. 

2. How many continents did these few learned men believe 
there were ? 

Only one, and one great ocean ; and tliey thought 
that by sailing across the Atlantic one would in time 
reach India. 

3. Why were they so anxious to find a water-way to 
India ? 

Because of the gold and gems and precious stuffs 
which India contained, and which had to be then 
brought to Europe by long Journeys on land. 



CHEISTOPHER COLUMBUS. 



13 



4. What great invention helped to assist the learned in 
their studies ? 

The art of printing which placed information, which 




CHBISTOPHER COLUMBUS. 



up to this had existed only in costly manuscripts, 
within the reach of the student. By means of books, 
too, new ideas and discoveries Avere made widely known. 

5. What was one result of these new ideas in regard to 
the shape of the earth ? 

Christopher Columbus, a navigator, resolved to sail 



14: FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 

westward across the Atlantic and see if he could not 
reach the shores of India. 

6. Where was Columbus born ? 

It is believed in Genoa/ of humble parentage. After 
devoting a few years to education, he went to sea, at 
the age of fourteen. 

7. What was his character ? 

Pure and noble ; in every way worthy of his genius. 
His principal motive in undertaking the voyage was to 
bear the light of the Gospel to heathen nations. 

8. To whom did Columbus apply for ships and men for 
the voyage ? 

First, to the magistrates of the city of Genoa 
{geu'o-ah), who refused to grant them. 

9. To whom did he apply next ? 

To the king of Portugal, Avho likewise refused to aid 
him. He then turned to Spain, which was at that 
time the wealthiest and most powerful nation. 

ID. What was the result here ? 

At last, after many years of effort, his perseverance 
was rewarded. Queen Isabella's enthusiasm was 
kindled, and she declared that she would aid Colum- 
bus in his great enterprise even though she should be 
obliged to pawn the crown jewels to do so. 

II. Why did she think this last would be necessary ? 
Because the Moorish wars had exhausted her treas- 
ury. But she was not forced to this step, as she suc- 

' Calvi (kal'me), a town of Corsica, has lately claimed the honor of having 
been the birth-place of Columbus. 



CHKISTOPHER COLUMBUS. 



15 



ceeded in raising the required sum in another way. 
Columbus bore one eighth of the expenses. 

12. Who helped to bring the queen to this decision ? 

Juan Perez (lioo'dn'pd'rWi), a true friend of Colum- 
bus. He was superior of the Franciscan monastery 
of La Eabida at Palos {pah' Ids). 




ISABELLA THE CATHOLIC. 



13. From whom did Columbus get the money for his part 
of the expenses ? 

From some rich merchants named Pinzon {j^een- 
fhon). 

14. Did Columbus find it easy to enlist a crew ? 

By no means. The most daring seamen shrunk 
from venturing into unknown seas upon what seemed 
to them a wild cruise. 



16 FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 

15 How did he finally succeed ? 

The Pinzons, men of great influence, offered to sail 
on the expedition and furnish one of the vessels. This 
had great effect upon the sailors, and in a short time 
the ships were manned. 

16. How did Columbus and his men prepare for their 
voyage ? 

By the confession of their sins and reception of 
Holy Communion in the monastery of La Rabida, on 
the morning before their departure. 

17. When did he set sail ? 

Early in the morning of August 3, 1492. 

18. How many ships comprised the squadron ? 

Three : the Santa Maria {sahn'tah mah-ree' -ah = 
Holy Mary), the Pinta, and the Nina. The Santa 
Maria was the only one with a deck, and it was com- 
manded by Columbus. 

19. Describe the voyage. 

The ocean was tranquil, and the trade-winds, which 
blew all the time from the east, assisted them on their 
westward course. 

20. What w^ere these trade-winds afterwards called ? 

"Winds of mercy," because they aided in the dis- 
covery of the new world. 

21. Continue to describe the voyage. 

After they had sailed for sixty days and discovered 
no land, the men grew mutinous, and some even pro- 
posed to throw Columbus into the sea, and return to 
Spain with the story that he had fallen overboard. 



CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. 



17 



22. How did Columbus act ? 

With great wisdom and tact. Sometimes he en- 
couraged them witli hopes of the fame and riches 
which should accrue from the expedition — at others he 
threatened them with punishment if they jaresumed to 
disobey him. 

23. What did he finally declare ? 

That it was nseless for them to murmur ; that he 
was determined to persevere in the enterprise he had 
undertaken, until, by God's blessing, he should accom- 
plish it. 

24. Hq-w did they learn they were nearing land ? 

They picked up a hawtJiorn branch with berries on 
it, so fresh as to show it had not been long plucked 
from the tree, and a carved staff. 

25. Who was the first to see land ? 
Columbus himself, at 10 o'clock 

of the night of October 11, saw a 
light moving on the shore. At two, 
on the morning of Friday, October 
13, 1492, a sailor on the Pinta an- 
nounced that he saw land. 

26. Ho^v did Columbus land ? 
Attired in a complete suit of 

armor, with crimson over it, and 

bearing the Spanish flag. He was 

I attended by the officers and gentle- 

jmen of the expedition and a portion 

of the crew. 

27. What was his first act upon 

BAKNEB OP TBTB EXPE- ' . '^ 

DiTioN. reaching the shore ? 




18 FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 

He sank on his knees and intoned the Te Deum. 
After this act of thanksgiving to Almighty God, he 
formally took possession of the new land in the name 
of God for Ferdinand and Isabella. 

28. How did the Indians receive the Spaniards ? 

With the greatest delight. They ran from house 
to house crying out, " Come and see the jjeople from 
heaven ! " 

SUMMARY. 

I. Towards the close of the fifteenth century, owing to many 
reasons and principally to the great invention of printing, 
knowledge became more widely spread. The science of geog- 
raphy, especially, began to advance. Up to this time the shape 
of the earth had been thought to be square, but now it was 
declared to be round. 

Christopher Columbus, a navigator, became so convinced of 
the truth of this theory that he resolved to go upon a voyage of 
discovery, and sailing round the world, reach the shores of 
India. 

II. The kindness of Isabella, the Catholic, enabled him to 
put this plan into execution after many disappointments. Fol- 
lowing a westward course, he discovered America on October 13, 
1492. 

III. Landing with great state, he took possession in the name 
of Our Lord Jesus Christ for the Spanish monarchs. The 
Indians regarded the Spanish with deep reverence, and imagined 
they had descended from heaven. 



OTHER GREAT DISCOVERERS OF AMERICA. 



19 



LESSON II, 



OTHER OREAT DISCOVERERS OF AMERICA. 



Bahama ipa-Jidy' mah) Islands. 
Oue of the four groups of 
islands which comprise the 
West Indies. They lie off 
the coast of Florida, from 
which they are separated by 
the Gulf Stream. 

Hayti {hay'te). One of the 
group of West India islands 
known as the Greater Antilles 
(ahn'-teel). 

Ou'ba. Another of the Great 
Antilles group. 

Barcelona (bar-se-lo'na). The 
second in importance of the 



cities of Spain. It is situated 
upon the eastern coast, on 
the Mediterranean Sea. 

Isabella. The first Christian 
settlement made in America. 
It is now but a ruin, hidden 
within a dense forest. 

Vallado'lid {'oaV yah-do-leed'). A 
Spanish town of some ii'.i- 
portance in the time of Co- 
lumbus, now greatly reduced. 

Ha-van'a. The capital of Cuba, 
and most important com- 
mercial city of the West 
Indies. 



1. Where did Columbus land ? 

On oue of the group of islets now called the Bahama 
{ba-hdy'mah) Islands ; but which one is not positively 
known. He called it San Sal'vador = Holy Saviour. 

2. What did he call the natives ? 

Supposing the land he had reached to be India, he 
called the natives Indians, which name has ever since 
been applied to them. 

3. How did he treat them ? 

With great kindness. He made them presents of 
colored caps, hawks' bells, strings of glass beads for 
their necks, and other trifles, which delighted them 
beyond measure. 



20 FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 

4. What did Columbus do next ? 

He cruised about the Bahama Islands for some days, 
and then sailed further on and discovered Cuba, Hayti 
(Jtay'te), and other West India islands. 

5. What name did he give to Hayti ? 

Hispaniola {his-pan-i-o'la = Little Spain). He 
built a fort on it and placed several of his men there. 

6. When did he set sail for Spain ? 

In January (1493), taking with him nine of the 
natives. After landing in Spain, his journey to the 
court was like a triumph. 

7. Where and how did the king and queen receive him ? 

At Barcelona (bar-se-lo'na), with every mark of 
honor. They arose to receive him, and ordered him 
to be seated in their presence ; a rare honor in the 
stately Spanish Court. After he had finished his re- 
cital, the Te Deum was sung by tlie royal choir. 

8. Did Columbus return to the New World ? 

He did, with a great fleet. A number of Dominican 
missionaries accomi^anied him, to labor for the conver- 
sion of the Indians (1493). 

9. What did Columbus do during this voyage ? 

He founded the first Christian settlement in the Xew 
World, at a spot in Hayti, which he called Isabella. 
Here the first Catholic church in America was erected. 

10. When was it dedicated ? 

On the Festival of the Epiphany (1494). 



\ 



OTHER GEEAT DISCOVERERS OF AMERICA. 21 

II, What other great discoverer did Spain send out in 
1497? 

Amerigo Vespucci {am-a-ree'go ves-poot'shee), an 
Italian, after whom America was named. He discov- 
ered the mainland of South America ; but, like Co- 
lumbus, thought it was Asia he had reached. 




AJTERIGO VESPUCCI. 

12. What did he name the land he had discovered ? 
"The Land of the Holy Cross/' 

13. How did it happen that America received his name } 
He wrote some letters about his discovery ; and, as 

everybody was eager to read these, they were printed. 
The man who printed them was a geographer, and he 
wrote a little book in which he suggested that the new 
land be named for Amerigo. 



22 FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 

14. What was the consequence ? 

As no one proposed any other name, the name of 
America began to be placed on maps and used in 
books, and thus came to be the recognized name of 
the New World. 

15. What great discoverers did England send out in the 
same year (1497) ? 

John and Sebastian Cabot {cdb'ot), who discovered 
the mainland of North America. 

16. What did Sebastian Cabot do the following year ? 

He made another voyage and sailed along the North 
American coast from Labrador to Florida. It was 
upon these voyages that England based her claim to 
the North American coast. 

17. What honor belongs to Sebastian Cabot ? 

That of having been the first to discover that Amer- 
ica was a wholly new continent, lying between Europe 
and Asia. 

18. Did Columbus himself ever reach the mainland of 
America ? 

Yes, on his third voyage (1498), he reached the 
mainland of South America ; and on his fourth and 
last, that of North America (1503). 

19. Did Columbus ever know that America was a new^ 
continent ? 

It is probable that he died in the belief that it was 
Asia to which he had led the way. 

20. How^ was Columbus treated in his latter years ? 
This illustrious man, who gave to Spain a new 



OTHER GREAT DISCOVERERS OF AMERICA. 23 

world, suffered great ingratitude from his couutry- 
men, and even from King Ferdinand. 

21. When and where did he die ? 

On Ascension Day, 1506, at Valladolid {yal-yah-do- 
leed); two years after his generous patroness, Queen 
Isabella. 

22. Where do his remains rest ? 
In the cathedral at Havana. 



SUMMARY, 

I. Columbus had landed upon one of the Bahama Islands. 
After cruising about and discovering Cuba, he returned to Spain, 
carrying with him nine of the natives. 

II. He was received with every mark of respect by Ferdinand 
and Isabella at Barcelona. The same year, he set out upon an- 
other voyage, taking with him Dominican missionaries to labor 
among the Indians. 

III. In 1497, Spain sent out Amerigo Vespucci, and England 
the Cabots. The former discovered the mainland of South Amer- 
ica ; the latter that of North America ; and upon their voyages, 
England afterwards based her claim to its Atlantic coast. It 
was Sebastian Cabot who first discovered that America was a 
wholly new continent. 

IV. On his third voyage, Columbus himself reached the main- 
land of South America, and on his fourth and last, that of 
North America, but it is probable that he died in the belief that 
it was the shore of Asia he had reached. 

V. After sustaining the most ungrateful treatment from his 
countrymen, and even from Ferdinand, to whom he had given 
a new world, the illustrious navigator died at Valladolid on 
Ascension Day, 1506. 



24 FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 

1435.— Birth of Columbus. 

1437. — Invention of printing. 

1484. — Columbus applies to the magistrates of Genoa. 

1486. — Columbus applies to Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. 

1492. — Columbus sails from Palos, and discovers America. 

1493. — Columbus returns to Spain, and sails a second time for 
America. 

1494. — Dedication of the first Catholic Church in America, at 
Isabella, Hayti. 

1497. — The Cabots discover North America. Amerigo Ves- 
pucci discovers South America. 

1498. — Third voyage of Columbus. The Cabots explore the 
Atlantic coast. 



PARTT II. 
SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 



LESSON I. 

SPANISH EXPLORERS. 



Isthmus of Darien (dd-re-en). 
A neck of land which joms 
North and South America. 
It is now called the Istlimus 
of Panama (pan-a^mah), and 
a canal is building through 
it to connect the Atlantic 
Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. 

Magellan {ma-jel' lan^) Strait. 
It se[)arates the mainland of 
South America from the 
island of Tierra del Fuego 
{te-er'rah del fway'-go). It 
is about 300 miles in length, 
and difficult of navigation. 

Mississippi. Two Indian words 
combined, meaning ' ' whole 



river." It was thus called 
because many streams unite 
to form it. 

St. Augustine {aw' gus-teeit). 
This became the oldest town 
in the United States when 
Florida was ceded to tluem 
by Spain in 1819. Its balmy 
air makes it a delightful win- 
ter resort, especially for in- 
valids. 

Santa Fe {san'tafay — Holy 
Faith). The second oldest 
town in the United States, 
and capital of New Mexico. 
It is situated 7000 feet above 
the level of the sea. 



I. Name the principal Spanish explorers of the sixteenth 
century. 

OJeda {o-hay'da), Ponce de Leon {2)on'thay day 
lay' on), Bal-bo'a, Magellan {hna-j el' Ian), Qoxtez (cort'ez), 
de Soto {deh so'to), and Coronado. 



■ In Spanish, Mah-hel'yan. 



26 



SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 



2. Where did these Spaniards extend their explorations ? 

In the region to which Columbus had led the way. 
Ojeda sailed from Cuba to the Isthmus of Darieu and 
settled it (1510). 




PONCE DB LEON IN THE ST. JOUn'S KIVBB. 



3. What did Ponce de Leon discover ? 

Florida, when in quest of a Fountain of Youth, 
which, it is needless to say, he did not discover. 

4. Why did he call the new land Florida ? 

Because he happened to discover it on Easter Sun- 



SPANISH EXPLOEERS. 27 

day, a day which the Spaniards call Pascua Florida 
{pas'koo-ahflo-ree'thah = Flowery Easter). He was 
so delighted with the beauty of its shores that he gave 
it the name of Florida, or Flowery (1512). 

5. What did Balboa discover ? 

The Pacific Ocean. When near Darien he had 
heard from an Indian youth of a great sea which lay 
to the south, beyond mountains and forests. 

6. What did he do in consequence ? 

With a small band of soldiers he set out southward, 
and finally reached a mountain from whose summit, 
the Indian guides told him, he should' be able to see 
the unknown ocean. 

7. What did he then do ? 

He told his men to remain at its foot, and ascended 
alone to its summit. When he beheld the ocean he 
fell upon his knees and praised God. Then descend- 
ing, he waded into the ocean and took possession of it 
for his king (1513). 

8. What was it called for some years after ? 
The *' Sea of the South." 

9. What did Magellan do ? 

He sailed along the Atlantic coast of South America, 
around its southern limit, and passing through the 
strait which bears his name, entered the Sea of the 
South (1520). 

10. What did Magellan call it ? 

The Pacific Ocean, because he found it so much 
calmer than the boisterous Atlantic. 



28 SIXTEEISTTH CEKTURY. 

11. Did Magellan keep on across the Pacific ? 

He did, and at last reached the East Indies. His was 
the first vessel to ever reach them from the westward. 

12. What became of him ? 

He was killed upon one of the islands, but his men 
kept on, and sailing round the Cape of Good Hope, 
reached Spain, and thus proved that the world is round. 

13. What did Cortez do ? 

He explored and conquered Mexico (1621). 

14. What did de Soto discover ? 
The Mississippi Eiver (1541). 

15. What region did Coronado explore ? 

All that along the coast of the Gulf of California. 
He even crossed the Eocky Mountains, and explored 
what is now the State of Colorado (1540). 

16. What was the result of this expedition ? 

The Franciscans at once journeyed into the newly- 
discovered region, and converted many Indian tribes 
to the true faith. 

17. Which is the oldest town in the United States ? 

St. Augustine {aw-gns-teen') in Florida, founded by 
the SjDaniards under Menendez [md-nen' deth) , (1565). 

18. Which is the second oldest town? 

Santa Fe {san'fd fay = Holy Faith), also founded 
by the Spaniards (about 1583). 

19. How did Christianity progress in the New World 
during the Spanish conquest ? 

The ardent and devoted missionaries, Dominicans, 
Franciscans, and Jesuits, achieved much, but their 
y\o\\. was made doubly hard by the Spaniards' cruel 



SPANISH EXPLORERS. 29 

treatment of the natives, which aroused hostility in 
them. 

20. What was the consequence ? 

Many o;^ the missionaries suffered martyrdom. 
Among these were the Dominican Fathers, Cancer and 
Tolo'sa ; the Franciscan Fathers, Corpa, and several 
others ; and the Jesuit Fathers, Segura and Martinez. 

21. Who was the great defender of the Indians against 
their oppressors ? 

Bishop Las Casas {las kd'sds), who labored among 
the Indians for sixty years. 

SUMMARY. 

I. The Spaniards who were the first to discover, were also the 
first to colonize America. Ojeda led a colony to Darien; de 
Leon discovered, named, and located a colony in Florida ; Bal- 
boa fought his way to the discovery of the Pacific Ocean, which 
Magellan, seven years later, entered through the strait which 
he discovered, and which bears his name. 

II. Cortez subjugated Mexico, and the fame of the riches 
found by him there stimulated Coronado to seek for another 
such country to the north. He explored the region along the 
Gulf of California, and crossed the Rocky Mountains. 

III. His search proved unsuccessful, and he returned to 
Florida, but the Franciscans at once set off for the new region 
and converted many tribes to the true faith. 

IV. The Spaniards treated the Indians with great cruelty. 
The oppressed natives found their only defenders in the mission- 
aries, especially in Bishop Las Casas, who devoted his life and 
energies to them for sixty 'years. 

V. The missionaries were frequently sacrificed to the hostility 
which the Spaniards had aroused by their cruel treatment, and 
before the close of the seventeenth century the soil of the New 
World had been sanctified by the blood of martyrs. 



30 



SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 



LESSON II. 



FRENCH EXPLORERS. 



Francis I. of France. This 
king may be ranked among 
the great French monarchs. 
He was a great patron of 
literature and art. 

Ne-wfoundland (riu- fund-land). 
A name at first applied to all 
the land discovered by the 
Cabots ; but later, only to the 
island of that name which 
lies off the coast of Labrador. 

Strait of Belle (Bell) Isle. 
This strait separates the coasts 
of Newfoundland and Lab- 
rador, and affords an outlet 



to the waters of the St. Law- 
rence. 

Gaspe (gas'pay) Bay. An in- 
let of the Gulf of St. Law- 
rence. 

St. Lawrence River. The most 
important river of Canada, 
and the outlet of the great 
lakes. Named after St. Law- 
rence, who was martyred at 
Rome in the third century. 

Huguenot (JivJ ge-not). Name 
given to French Protestants 
during the religious wars of 
the sixteenth century. 



1. What great explorers did France send out during the 
sixteenth century ? 

Verrazano {ver-raht-saW no) in 1524 ; and Cartier 
{har'te-ay') in 1534. 

2. Who was Verrazano ? 

An Italian navigator in the service of Francis I. of 
France, who sent him out in command of four ships, 
" to discover new lands." 

3. What part of America did he explore ? 

All the Atlantic coast from North Carolina to New- 
foundland (nu'fnnd-land). He then returned to Eu- 
rope without leaving any colony in the New "World. 



FRENCH EXPLORERS. 



31 




4. Who was Car- 
tier? 

A hardy French 
sailor, and a pious 
Catholic. He 
reached New- 
foundland, e n- 
tered the strait of 
Belle Isle, planted 
the cross on the 
shore of Gaspe 
{gas' pay) Bay, and 
sailed up the St. 
Lawrence Kiver 

(1534). FKANCIS I. 

5. What did he suppose the St. Lawrence to be ? 

The long-sought-for passage to India. He named 
the great and beautiful stream the St. Lawrence, in 
honor of the martyr. 

6. Did he establish any colony in the new land ? 

He did not, either on this voyage or on his second, 
which occurred the following year (1535). 

7. What was the consequence of these explorations ? 
France claimed all the Atlantic continent north of 

Florida, with the exception of a strip of Atlantic 
coast, and called it Canada, or New France. 

8. Where was the first successful French colony estab- 
lished in America ? 

In Canada, by French Catholics led by Cartier 
(1541). 



32 



SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 




9. How did the 
French Catholics 
treat the Indians? 

With unvary- 
ing kindness. 
They addressed 
them as ''broth- 
ers/' or "chil- 
dren," and won 
their hearts by 
becoming their 
companions and 
friends. 

10. What •were 
most of the 

VBRRAZANo. Ffench colo- 

nists ? 

Fur-traders. Tliey did not seek to buy land from 
the Indians and settle down to an agricultural life, as 
the English afterwards did, but roved through the 
great forests, hunting and trading. 

II. Where else in America were French colonies founded 
about this time ? 

In Florida, by French Huguenots, but they all 
proved failures. It was by Catholics that the splendid 
career of French colonization in America was begun 
and carried on. 



SUMMARY. 

I. Thirty-two years passed after Columbus' great discovery, 
belofs France attempted any explorations in the New World. 



ENGLISH ATTEMPTS AT COLONIZATION. 



33 



Then, in 1534, she sent out Verrazano, and ten years later, 
Cartier, who explored Canada, to which, in consequence, France 
laid claim. England later asserted a prior claim, and a terrible 
war ensued, 

II. French Catholics, led by Cartier, settled in Canada in 
1541 ; they were mostly fur-traders, and renowned for their kind 
treatment of the Indians. 



LESSON III. 



ENGLISH ATTEMPTS AT COLONIZATION. 



Queen Elizabeth. A great sov- 
ereign whose virtues were by 
no means equal to her talents. 
She is noted for the cruelty 
with which she persecuted 
Catholics, especially priests. 



Ro'a-noke Island. An island 
off the coast of North Caro- 
lina. 

Bilc'ca-neer'. A robber upon 
the sea ; a ])irate. 



1. In the sixteenth century, •was the name North Amer- 
ica in use ? 

Hardl}^ at all. Only South America received the 
name of America at this time. North America was 
called Florida by the Spaniards and New France, or 
Canada, by the French. 

2. What other great nation began to colonize the New 
World in the sixteenth century ? 

The English, who had never lost sight of the fact 
that the Cabots had been the first to discover the main- 
land of North America. 

3. What part of the New World did they now lay claim 
to? 

All the Atlantic coast between Canada and Florida. 



34 SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 

They gave this vast regiou the name of "Virginia," 
in honor of Queen Elizabeth, who liked to be called 
the "Virgin Queen." 




SIR WALTER RALEIGH. 



4. What great Englishman is renowned for his efforts to 
colonize Virginia ? 

Sir Walter Ealeigh {raw'le), who is said to have first 
attracted Elizabeth's favor by casting his mantle over 
a muddy spot upon which she had to tread. 

5. What did the queen bestow on Raleigh ? 
A large grant of lands in Virginia. 



ENGLISH ATTEMPTS AT COLONIZATION, 35 

6. When did he send out the first colony ? 

In 1585, under Ralph Lane. It located on Roanoke 
Island, off the coast of what is now North Carolina. 

7. What became of it ? 

It proved a failure, and the colonists returned to 
England in ships furnished by Sir Francis Drake, who 
chanced to stop at the Island on his way to England. 

8. Who was Sir Francis Drake ? 

A famous English buccaneer, who carried on a con- 
tinual warfare against the Spaniards in America. 

9. When did Raleigh send out a second colony ? 

In 1587, under Grovernor White, whose grand- 
daughter, Virginia Dare, was the first English child 
born in the New World. 

ID. What was the fate of these colonists ? 

Governor White returned to England for supplies. 
He was detained for three years, and when he returned, 
the colonists had vanished. 

11. What had become of them ? 

They were slaughtered by the Hatteras Indians, 
with a fevv^ exceptions, who were incorporated into the 
tribe. The fate of Virginia Dare has remained a 
mystery. 

12. What was the principal result of these efforts at colo- 
nization ? 

Potatoes and tobacco were introduced into England. 
Both are said to have become known through Sir Wal- 
ter Raleigh ; of whom it is related that as he sat smok- 
ing one day in his room, some one threw a pail of 
water over him, supposing him to be on fire. 



36 SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 

13. What illustrious martyrs suffered in Virginia during 
the i6th century? 

Father Segura and his companions, who were put to 
death by the Indians when attempting to convert them 
to Christianity (1578). 

14. What was the state of colonization in North America 
at the close of the i6th century ? 

The Protestant colonies, both English and Hugue- 
not, had failed ; so that the only permanent settle- 
ments within the limits of what is now the United 
States, were the Sj)anish ones of St. Augustine and 
Santa Fe. 

SUMMARY, 

I. Tlie name North America was hardly in use at all during 
the 16th century. The Spaniards called the country Florida, 
and the French, New France, or Canada. 

II. The English made no effort to colonize the New World 
until almost a century after the discoveries of the Cabots. 
Then, principally owing to the efforts of Raleigh, who received 
a large grant of land in Virginia, which name then represented 
the Atlantic coast from Canada to Florida, two colonies were 
sent out, both of which proved failures. The principal result 
of these attempts was the introdueticm of tobacco and the potato 
into England. 

III. During the IGth century the soil of Virginia drank the 
blood of martyrs ; Father Segura and his companions having 
suffered ciiiel deaths atthe hands of the Indians while engaged 
in missionary work. 

IV. At the close of the 16th century, the Protestant colonies, 
English and Huguenot, had failed ; and the Spanish settlements 
of St. Augustine and Santa Fe were the only permanent ones 
within the limits of what is now the United States. 



ENGLISH ATTEMPTS AT COLONIZATION". 37 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 

1500. — Columbus sent back to Spain in chains. 

1502. — Bishop Las Casas comes to America. 

Columbus makes his fourth voyage to America. 

1504. — Death of Queen Isabella. 

1506. — Death of Columbus. 

1510. — Darien settled by Ojeda. 

1512. — Florida discovered by Ponce de Leon. 

1513. — Balboa discovers the Pacific. 

1520. — Magellan discovers the strait of that name. 

1521. — Conquest of Mexico by Cortez. 

1524. — North American Atlantic coast explored by Verrazano. 

1534. — Exploration of Canada by Cartier. 

1540. — Coronado explores the coast of the Gulf of California. 

1541. — The Mississippi discovered by De Soto. 

Cartier brings out a French colony to Canada. 

1549. — Martyrdom of Fathers Cancer and Tolosa in Florida. 

1562. — French Iluv.uenot colony settled in Florida. 

1565. — St. Augustine founded. 

1578. — Martynlom of Father Segura and companions in Vir- 
ginia. 

1580. — Father Augustine Ruyz penetrates the wilderness 
north of New Mexico. 

1582. — Santa Fe founded, Franciscans convert the Indian 
tribes of New Mexico. 

1584. — Sir Walter Raleigh receives a grant of lands in Vir- 
• ginia from Elizabeth. 

1585. — Raleigh sends out the first English colony. 

1587. — Raleigh sends out a second colony. 

1597. — Martyrdom of Father Corpa and his companions in 
Florida. 



PART III. 
SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 



LESSON I. 

SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 

Jamestown. Named in honor 



James I. of England. Son of 

Mary, Queen of Scots. He 
was king of Scotland when 
Elizabetli left him the crown 
of England, and in this way 
the two countries were united 
under one crown (1603). 



of King James. It has long 
been a ruin. 
Virginia. This state is some- 
times called the Old Do- 
minion, because the first 
permanent settlement was 
made within its limits. 



1. What did King James I. of England do in 1606 ? 

He granted a charter to two companies formed in 
England, that gave them the whole region of Vir- 
ginia, which, as has been said, extended from Florida 
to Canada. 

2. What were the names of these two companies ? 

The London Company, and the Plymonth Com- 
pany. The king directed the London Company to 
take the southern half, and the Plymouth Company 
the northern half, of Virginia. 

3. When did the two companies send out colonies ? 

About the same time, in 1G07, The Plymouth 



SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 



39 



Colony settled in what is now the State of Maine, and 
proved a failure ; the London Colony settled in what 
is now the State of Virginia, and made there the first 
permanent English settlement in North America. 

4. At what 
place was the set- 
tlement made ? 

At James- 
town, on the 
James River 

(iGor). 

5. Was it suc- 

cesstul ? 

The location 
was unhealthy, 
to start with ; 
besides Avhich, 
they had de- 
layed so long 
on the voyage 
out, that seed- 
time was past 
for that year when they arrived at their destination. 

6. What was the consequence ? 

The colony suffered terribly from disease and hunger, 
added to which was the fear of hostile Indians. One 
half of the hundred colonists died, among them Cap- 
tain Gosnold, one of its most influential men. 

7. To whom did the colony owe its preservation ? 

To Captain John Smith. Through his exertions 




CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. 



40 



SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 



food was procured from the Indians, and liouses built. 
Smith displayed wonderful tact and resources in liis 
treatment of the savages. 

8. What anecdote does he relate of himself in his 
writings ? 

He says that when exjjloring the Chickahominy 

River, he was cap- 
tured by Indians, 
and that he saved his 
life by showing them 
a pocket - compass. 
They then took him 
to their king, Pow- 
hatan {poiv-hd-tcin'), 
who decreed his 
death. 

9. Continue. 

The savages had, 
he asserts, already 
laid his head uj)on 
the block, and were 
about to beat out his 
brains, when Poca- 
hontas {poc-a-hon' tas), the king's daughter, laid her 
liead upon his, and thus saved him. 
10. What was the consequence ? 

Powhatan and his tribe became friendly to the 
colonists. Pocahontas especially, brought them pro- 
visions, and befriended the colony by e\5ery means in 
her povwer. 




POCAHONTAS. 



SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 41 

11. What became of Pocahontas ? 

She was converted to Christianity, and wedded 
John Eolfe, who took her to England, wliere she cre- 
ated a great sensation. Just as she was about to sail 
for Virginia she died, leaving one son, from whom 
some of the best families in Virginia have their 
descent. 

12. What occurred in 1609 ? 

Captain Smith was obliged to return to England for 
surgical aid, in consequence of a severe gunshot 
wound, and he never returned. 

13. What ensued ? 

Deprived of its strong guiding spirit, ruin came 
upon the colony. The Indians refused to furnish any 
more provisions, and what is known as the starving 
time ensued. 

14. From whence did help come ? 

Two ships from the Bermuda Islands stopped at 
Jamestown and took on board the little band of sur- 
viving colonists, to convey them to England. But 
before they reached the mouth of the James River 
they met a vessel coming from England with supplies, 
so they returned. 

15. What was planted in Virginia in 1612 ? 
Tobacco, whose cultivation was attended with so 

little outlay and so much profit that it threatened the 
existence of the colony. The planting of corn was 
neglected, and the colonists remained dependent on 
the Indians for food. 



42 



SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 



1 6. What law was passed in regard to this ? 

Every farmer was forced to plant a certain extent of 
land with corn, or suffer the confiscation of all his 
tobacco. 

17. What resulted from the cultivation of tobacco ? 

Instead of becoming a town or city, the colony 

stretched out into 
immense tobacco 
plantations. To- 
bacco even served 
as currency, and 
objects for sale 
were declared to 
worth so many 
pounds of tobacco, 
according to their 
value. 

18. What reached 
Jamestown in 1619 ? 

SEA! OF VIRGINIA. A Dutch mau- 

•of-war, having on board negro slaves. The colonists 
purchased twenty of these, and thus was laid the foun- 
dation of slavery in the colonies. 

19. Who succeeded Powhatan as chief of the Indian 
tribes ? 

His brother, Opecancanough {o-pe-han-ka7i' 0). He 
•pretended great friendship for the whites ; even ac- 
cepted a house from them, and took the greatest de- 
■light -in locking and unlocking its door. 




SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 43 

20. What resulted from his apparent friendliness ? 

The colonists were lulled into fancied security, and 
pursued their peaceful labors with no thought of 
harm. But on March 22, 1622, at mid-day, when the 
men were in the fields, the treacherous chief attacked 
the settlement, and almost in one hour 34:7 whites 
were slain, 

21. What ensued ? 

The English attacked the Indians, and were victo- 
rious. Twenty-two years later Opecancanough made 
another attack on the whites. This time he was cap- 
tured, and shot by the soldier who was detailed to 
guard him. 

22. What did Virginia gradually become ? 

One of the proudest and wealthiest of the colonies. 
It obtained the right to govern itself through a legis- 
lature called the House of Burgesses (1619). 

23. How did the Virgiriians live at this later period ? 

The upper class usually dwelt upon immense plan- 
tations, in stately mansions ; owned many slaves, and 
dispensed generous hospitality. 

SUMMARY. 

I. In 1606 James I. granted charters to two companies, the 
Plymouth and the London, entitling them to hold land in Vir- 
ginia. The Plymouth Company sent a colony to New England. 
It proved a failure. The London sent a colony to what is now 
the state proper of Virginia, which succeeded after many hard- 
ships. 

XL Captain Jolm Smith was its mainstay, and after he re- 
turned to England the colony endured all the hori'ors of famine, 
so that this period in its history is known as the starving tune. 



44 



SEVEISTTEENTH CENTUKY. 



Fortunately, just as they were about to return to England sup- 
plies arrived. 

III. An important event in the history of the colony was the 
culture of tobacco, begun in 1613. Slavery was introduced in 
1619. In 1622 the Indians surprised the whites and massacred 
347 of them. The English then attacked the Indians and were 
victorious. 

IV. Virginia gradually grew into a successful and aristo- 
cratic colony, governing itself through its own legislature, 
called the House of Burgesses. 



LESSON II, 



SETTLEMENT OF NEW ENGLAND. 



Mount Desert' Island. An 

island on the coast of Maine, 
40 miles southeast of Ban- 
gor. 

Jesuit. A priest who is a mem- 
ber of a religious society of 
that name, founded in 1534, 
by St. Igna'tius Lo yo'la. 

Port Roy'al. A place in Nova 
Sco'tia, settled and named 
by the French in 1605. It is 
now called Annapolis. 

Massachu'setts. An Indian 
word meaning "at or near 
the great hills. " Motto-With 
the sword she seeks quiet 
peace under liberty. 

New Hampshire. Named from 



the county of Hampshire, 
England, whence many of 
the settlers came. 

Sa'lem. A Hebrew word mean- 
ing peace. 

Bos'ton. Named for the town 
of Boston in Lincolnshire, 
England, from whence many 
of the settlers had come. 

Rhode Island. Thought to 
have been named from the 
Isle of Rhodes, in the Medi- 
terranean Sea. Motto — Hope. 

Oonnect'icut, An Indian name 
which means, "Land on a 
long tidal river." Motto — 
He who transplanted still 
sustains. 



I. Was the name New England in use at this time ? 
It was not. The region which comprises it was then 
known as North Virginia. 



SETTLEMENT OF XEAV ENGLAND. 45 

2. Where was the first settlement made in this region ? 
At St. Saviour's, on Mount Desert Island, by Jesuit 

missionaries (1612). 

3. Why was it founded ? 

In order to effect the conversion of the Abenaki 
Indians, who had expressed a desire to have Christian- 
ity made known to them. 

4. Under what circumstances was the sacrament of bap- 
tism administered for the first time in New England ? 

Father Peter Biard, the founder of the mission, one 
day came upon an Indian who hekl in his arms his 
dying child, while his companions stood by in silent 
sympathy. The Jesuit Father approached and bap- 
tized the child, who recovered. 

5. What happened to the St. Saviour's settlement ? 

It was destroyed in 1613, by Captain Argall, a sort 
of buccaneer in the English service, on the pretence 
that it had been made within English jurisdiction, 
without authority. 

6. What was done with the members of the colony ? 
Some were sent upon the ocean in an open boat to 

reach Port Royal, in Nova Scotia, if they could ; 
others were carried to Virginia and placed in prison, 
where they were badly treated. . 

7. Did the Indians lose their Christianity ? 

On the contrary, thirty years later, this powerful 
tribe sent to Quebec to petition that a priest be granted 
to them. In response to their prayer. Father Druil- 
lettes {(IriL'ee'yef) was sent among them, and his labors 
were crowned with the greatest possible success. 



SETTLEMENT OF NEW ENGLAND. 47 

8. What occurred in 1614 ? 

The name of New England was given to the region 
now comprised in the States of Maine, IS^ew Hamp- 
shire, Massachusetts, Ehode Island, Connecticut, and 
Vermont. 

9. Who came to settle in New England in the year 1620 ? 
A band of English Puritans, who had been driven 

out of their own country by persecution. They called 
themselves " Pilgrims." 

10. Where did the Pilgrims land ? 

On the coast of Massachusetts, at a place which 
Captain John Smith, several years before, had named 
Plymouth (plim'ufh). Plymouth Eock, the first land 
upon which they set their feet, is deeply reverenced 
by New England people. 

11. How did the Plymouth colonists prosper? 

They had landed in mid-winter, and in consequence 
suffered severely upon that bleak coast. Before the 
sj^riug came, many of their number had perished from 
hardship and lack of food. 

12. What did the colonists find in an Indian hiding-place 
in the ground ? 

Ears of Indian corn, yellow, red, and blue speckled, 
which served them as seeds. The harvest which re- 
sulted, saved them from the terrible experience of the 
settlers in Jamestown. 

13. Who visited the Pilgrims in 1621 ? 

Massasoit {mas-sas'soit), the chief of the neighboring 
Indians. He conceived a friendship for the whites. 



48 



SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 



which never faltered, and the treaty of alliance which 
he formed with them remained unbroken for more 
than fifty years. 

14. Were the Puritans tolerant in religious matters ? 

They were so intolerant that all who differed from 

them on such mat- 
ters were driven 
from the colony. 
Thus, in 1623, Mr. 
Wheelwright, a 
minister, was ban- 
ished and went to 
New Hampshire, 
where he founded 
a settlement at 
Exeter. 

15. Who came to 
Massachusetts in 
the year 1 628 ? 

Another band of Puritans from England, Avho 
founded a settlement at Salem, This was called the 
Massachusetts Bay Colony. 

16. Who came from England to join them the following 
year ? 

Eight hundred more colonists, along with "Win- 
throp, who had been appointed governor of the 
colony (1629). 

17. How did Boston come to be founded ? 

Governor Winthrop visited the spot on which it now 
stands, which was then called Tri-mountain, on ac- 




MASSACHUBETTS. 



SETTLEMENT OF NEW ENGLAND. 



49 



count of its three hills. He was so charmed with the 
situation that he at once began a settlement, and the 
next year it was decreed that Tri-mountain should he 
thenceforth called Boston. 

1 8. What two notable occurrences took place in Boston ? 

The first money coined within the limits of the thir- 
teen colonies was struck in its mint (1652). Up to 
this time, wampum, or shell beads, the money of the 
Indians, had served as currency. The first newspaper 
was also published 
there. It was 
called the Neios 
Letter (1704). 

19. What noted 
man first settled in 
Rhode Island ? 

Eoger Williams, 
who was banished 
from Massachu- 
setts Bay Colony 
in 1636, and 
founded a settle- 
ment in Rhode 
Island. He called 

it Providence, and practiced religious toleration to all 
save Roman Catholics. 

20. When was Connecticut founded ? 

By a band of emigrants from Massachusetts (1635). 

21. What did Massasoit do a few years before his death ? 
He brought his two sons to Plymouth, and insisted 




SEAL OF BHODE ISLAND. 



50 



SEVENTEENTH CENTUKY. 




112)011 the whites giving them English names. Accord- 
ingly, the Indian youths received the names of Alex- 
ander and Philip. 

22. Who succeed- 
ed Massasoit ? 

Alexander. He 
renewed the treaty 
made by his fa- 
ther, but' shortly 
after, the English, 
suspecting him of 
hostile intentions 
against the colony, 
arrested him, to 
convey him to 
Plymouth, to an- 
swer the charge. 

23. What was the consequence ? 

On the way thither, the young Indian king died, 
after an illness of a few hours. His wife declared that 
the English had poisoned him, but the latter main- 
tained that he died of a fever brought on by rage and 
mortification ; and his brother Philip succeeded him, 

24. In what did this event help to involve the colonists ? 
In a terrible war, known as King Philip's War, 

which began in the year 1675, and was marked by the 
most savage cruelty on both sides. 

25. What became of Philip ? 

He was shot by a deserter from his camp, who had 
joined Captain Church, the white leader. His head 



SEAL OP CONNECTICUT. 



SETTLEMEXT OF NEW EXGLAXD. 



51 




KING PHILIP. 



was carried to 
Plymouth, and his 
wife and little son 
were sold into slav- 
ery at Bermuda. 

26. How did the 
New England colo- 
nists support them- 
selves ? 

At first by farm- 
ing and hunting; 
but by degrees a 
number of indus- 
tries were intro- 
duced ; and they 
ijegan to export 
fish cured with salt of their own manufacture. 

27. Where was a settlement made in New Hampshire in 

1629? 

At Portsmouth, 
by an English col- 
ony, under John 
Mason. 

28. To what col- 
ony was New Hamp- 
shire united in 1641 ? 

To the Massa- 
chusetts Colony, of 
which it remained 
a dependent until 
1680, when it was 
made a separate 




SEAL OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 



royal province. 



52 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 

SUMMARY. 

I. The first settlement in New England was St. Saviour's 
mission, founded on Mount Desert Island, by Jesuit missiona- 
ries, in order to effect the conversion of the Abenaki Indians. 
The mission was destroyed by the buccaneer Argall, from Vir- 
ginia, under the pretense that it had been founded within Eng- 
lish territory without due authority. 

II. The first settlement in Massachusetts was made in 1620, 
at Plymouth, on the shores of Cape Cod Bay, by English Puri- 
tans who had suffered religious persecution at home. As they 
had passed some time in exile in Holland, they called them- 
selves " Pilgrims." They were extremely intolerant in religious 
matters, and banished Mr. Wheelwright, who settled in New 
Hampshire, and Roger Williams, who settled in Rhode Island. 

III. In 1628, another band of Puritans arrived from Eng- 
land, and settled at Salem. From this centre colonies spread 
over the adjacent region. 

IV. In 1675, the English became involved in a cruel war, 
known as King Philip's ; and which was not brought to a close 
until two years after the death of Philip, whose head was 
brought to Plymouth in 1676, and occasioned great rejoicing. 

V. In 1629, a permanent settlement was made at Ports- 
mouth, in New Hampshire. 



SETTLEMENT OF NEW ENGLAND. 



53 



LESSON III. 



COLONIZATION IN NEV\^ FRANCE — THE JESUIT 
MISSIONARIES. 



Que-bec'. Its name is an 
Indian word, meaning The 
Narrows. 

Lake Champlain. A lake one 
hundred and thirty miles 
long, separating the States 
of New York and Vermont. 



^rchbishop Spalding (1810- 
1872). Archbishop of Balti- 
more, and a most profound 
writer, chiefly on theological 
subjects. 

Lake George. Situated in the 
eastern part of New York. 



1. What great explorer reached New France in 1603 ? 

Samuel de Champlain {sliam-plane) , who has been 
justly called the 
"Father of New 
France." 

2. What did he ex- 
plore ? 

The coast of No- 
va Scotia, where he 
planted a settlement 
at Port Royal, and 
the upper St. Law- 
rence. He founded 
Quebec in 1G08, and 
discovered the great 
lake which bears his 
name in 1609. 




CHAMPLAIN. 



3. What else did he discover ? 

The Lake of the Blessed Sacrament (now Lake 



54 SEVEN'TEEIS'TH CENTUET. 

George), the Ottawa River, and Lakes Huron and 
Ontario. This last he named Lake St. Louis. 

4. By -what -was his pathway marked ? 

By great crosses of white cedar. Champlain was a 
devout Catholic, and cherished an ardent desire to see 
the Indians converted to the faith. " The salvation 
of a soul," he says in the opening words of his account 
of his voyages, "is of more value than the conquest 
of an empire." 

5. What did Champlain become ? 

The first Governor-Greneral of Canada. 

6. How did Champlain treat the Indians ? 

He continued the same wise policy which the first 
French colonists had commenced ; treating them as 
companions and equals, and winning their hearts by 
kind and just treatment. 

7. What tribe did the French fail to conciliate ? 

The Iroquois {er-o' kwah) . By espousing the cause of 
the Hurons, who were at war with the Iroquois, the 
French offended this fierce and haughty tribe. 

8. Of what was the Iroquois tribe composed ? 

Of five nations : the Senecas, Oneidas (o-ni-das), 
Onondagas (on-on-dah'gas), Cayugas (ki'oog-gas), and 
Mohawks, who had formed a confederacy during the 
preceding century. They occupied the region which 
now forms the central part of the State of New York. 

9. Who reached New France in the seventeenth century ? 
The Jesuits, to begin that wonderful career of mis- 
sionary labor, exploration and heroism which has ex- 



COLONIZATION IN NEW FRANCE. 55 

cited tlie enthusiastic admiration of every historian of 
America, both Protestant and Catholic. 

10. To what region was the name Nevy France given at 
this time ? 

To the interior of the continent, while New England 
was only a strip along the sea-coast. It was into this 
great unknown region tliat the missionaries, Jesuit 
and Franciscan, now penetrated in their zeal to win 
the savages to the faith. 

11. Mention some of their achievements. 

They explored the great lakes, and raised the cross 
from point to point through the wilderness of the 

west. 

12. Name the most celebrated of these first missionaries. 
Fathers Breboeuf {bra-huf), Daniel, Lallemant {lal- 

mahn), and Jogues. 

13. Where was their missionary centre ? 

At. St. Mary's, on the outlet of Lake Superior into 
Lake Huron. Here in one year three thousand Indians 
were welcomed by the missionaries. As the fame of 
the missions began to spread, Indians from remotepoints 
began to appear at them. 

14. What can you say of Father Jogues ? 

On his way from Quebec to the Huron country, he 
was captured by a band of Mohawks and conveyed to 
the territory of the Five Nations. It was thus that 
the first missionary entered the State of New York. 

15. What did he do during his captivity ? 

'' As he roamed through the stately forests of the 



56 SEVEJfTEENTH CENTUKY. 

Mohawk Valley, he carved the name of Jesus and the 
figure of a cross on the bark of the trees, and took 
possession of the country in the name of God." 

i6. What was his fate ? 

He was rescued from captivity by the Dutch, but 
having returned to the Moliawks and endeavored to 
establish a mission among them, he suffered death at 
their hands (1646). 

17. What was the fate of Father Br^bceuf ? 

After twenty years of labor among the Hurons, he, 
too, was captured by the Iroquois, along with Father 
Lallemant. After being subjected to horrible torture, 
both suffered death at the stake (1649). 

18. How many did the Christian Hurons number at 
Father Br^boeufs death? 

Eight thousand. Archbishop Spalding has justly 
named him "the Apostle of the Hurons, and the 
Xavier of North America." 

19. What effect had the noble example of the mission- 
aries in France ? 

It kindled a holy zeal in many hearts. The Jesuits 
gained numbers of recruits, many of whom came from 
the ranks of the nobility ; and the Hospital Sisters 
and Ursuline Nuns set out for the wilds of Canada to 
civilize and educate the Indians. 

20. Who was the Marquis de Gamache (gam-ash')? 

A young French noble who entered the Jesuit order, 
and devoted his fortune to founding the first college 
at Quebec (1635). 



COLONIZATION OF NEW FRANCE. 57 

21. What can be said of the Quebec College ? 

It is the oldest college north of Mexico. It is now 
the Laval University. 

22. What took place in 1648? 

The Abenaki Indians, in Maine, having sent a 
petition to Quebec for a priest, Father Druilettes was 
sent among them, and his labors were rewarded by the 
conversion of the entire tribe. 

23. Mention some of the benefits conferred upon the colo- 
nies by the missionaries. 

They introduced the culture of the vine, the orange, 
and the sugar-cane at the South ; discovered the salt- 
sj)rings of New York and the oil-springs of Pennsyl- 
vania, and were the first to work the copper mines of 
Lake Superior. 

SUMMARY. 

I. The greatest French explorer who succeeded Cartier in 
Canada, was Samuel de Chaiiiplain, who founded Quebec (1G08), 
and discovered the great lake which bears his name (1609). He 
was tiie first governor of Canada. 

II. He brought missionaries to the New World wlio gained 
the aft'ections of the Catholic Hurons, and converted large 
numbers of them. But the Fi'ench turned the haughty Iroquois, 
a confederacy of five nations, against them by espousing the 
cause of the Hurons. Their territory, the central portion of 
New York, remained sealed against the missionaries, until at 
length Father Jogues, being taken prisoner in 1641, was carried 
thither, and then for the first time the forests of the Mohawk 
Valley heard the name of God in the solitary chant of the cap- 
tive priest, and had His Holy Name carved upon their trees. 

III. Before the iniddle of the seventeenth century, Fathers 



58 



SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 



Jogues, Breboeuf, Daniel, and Lallemant had been martyred 
by the savage Iroquois. 

IV. Their noble example awakened a holy zeal in many hearts, 
especially in those of the rich and great. Courtiers and soldiers 
joined the Jesuits; high-born maidens and women took their 
place in the ranks of the Hospital Sistei*s and Ursuline Nuns to 
toil for the salvation of the Indians. 

Y. Among these recruits to the cause of religion was the 
young Marquis de Gamache, who founded with his fortune the 
College of Quebec, now the Laval University, the oldest college 
north of Mexico. 



L E S S N I Y 



SETTLEMENT OF NENA^ YORK AND NEW JERSEY. 



New York. Named after the 
Duke of York, brother of 
Charles II. of England ; after- 
wards James II. Motto — 
"Excelsior." 

Dutch East India Company. 
An association of Dutch mer- 
chants in the East India 
trade, formed Iti 1602. 

Hudson River. Called by the 
Indians "The River of the 
Mountains." Named Hud- 
son River by the English, in 
honor of its discoverer. 

Manhattan Island. So named 
by the Dutcli after a tribe of 
Indians whom they found 
there, called Mana-hat'ans. 

New Amsterdam. Named from 



Amsterdam, one of the chief 
cities of Holland. 

Fort Orange. Named for the 
Prince of Orange. 

New Netherlands. Named 
after Holland, which was 
called the Netherlands, or 
low country. 

Dutch West India Company. 
A company of Dutch traders, 
founded in 1622. They pos- 
sessed a monopoly of trade 
in the New Netherlands, 
wliich consequently yielded 
tliem an enormous profit. 

New Jersey. At first called 
' ' The Jerseys. " Named from 
the Isle of Jersey, in the 
English Channel. 



SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY. 59 

I. What white men were the first to enter the State of 
New York ? 

Champlain had just entered from the north, by way 
of the great lake which bears his name, when Henry 
Hudson entered it through the Bay of New York, in 
his ship, the "Half-Moon'' (1G09). 




HENBY HUDSON. 



2. Who was Hudson ? 

An Englishman, in the employ of the Dutch East 
India Company. 

3. How far up did he sail ? 

In the hope that the great stream which bears his 
name would afford a northwest passage to India, he 
ascended it as far as Albany, when he found that he 
could proceed no further. 



60 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 

4. What did he call the Hudson ? 

"The Great North Eiver of New Netherlands.'' 
But instead the river has immortalized his name, and, 
in the Dutch settlements along its shores, legends of 
the hardy Dutch sailor are told to this day. 

5. Relate one of these. 

It is believed that he and his crew haunt the hills, 
and when the crash of thunder is heard during the 
storms, it is said, in the villages below, that "^Heinrich 
Hudson and his crew are playing at ninepins." 

6. What was the consequence of Hudson's discovery ? 
Holland laid claim to the land along the " Great 

Eiver," and called it New Netherlands. 

7. Where was the first settlement made in New York ? 

On Manhattan Island, where New York City now 
stands. It was called New Amsterdam (1614). 

8. Where was the next made? 

At Fort Orange, near the present site of Albany 
(1615). In a few years trading-j^osts were erected all 
along the river, whither the Dutch came to purchase 
otter, beaver, and bear skins f:om the Indians. 

9. What was founded in Holland in 1621 ? 

The Dutch West India Company, who purchased 
Manhattan Island from the Indians, in 1626, for the 
sum of twenty-five dollars. Under their care New 
Amsterdam began to grow into a flourishing town. 

10. What did this company do ? 

In order to induce persons of wealth and influence 
to settle in the new land, they gave some men of this 



SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY. 01 



description permission to found each a colony of fifty 
persons on lands which they purchased from the In- 
dians. On these huge tracts, each owner was "lord 
of the manor," independent of the colonial govern- 
ment. 

11. What were these great proprietors called? 
Patroons. They were only forbidden to engage in 

the woolen manufacture, because that was a monopoly 
of the Dutch West India Oomj^any. 

12. Where did the Dutch found new settlements ? 

On Long Island, Staten Island, and at Bergen, 
in what is now 
Xew Jersey 
(102 0). AH 
this region was 
embraced by 
Xew Nether- 
lands. 

13. How long 
did Dutch rule 
continue in Ne^v 
York? 




DUTCH HOUSE EN NSW AMSTERDAM. 



For almost forty years. Many of their festivals and 
custom^s still survive, such as " Santa Clans' Visit" at 
Christmas time, and the practice of paying New Year's 
calls. 

14. How did Catholicism progress in New York during 
this period ? 

It steadily increased. Devoted missionaries, chief 
of whom was the celebrated Father Dablon, replaced 



63 SEVENTEEKTH CENTURY. 

the martyred Father Jogues, among the Iroquois. 
Under the benign influence of Christianity, these 
tribes, who had possessed a terrible reputation for cru- 
elty, became gentle and peaceful in character, and 
throughout the Valley of the Mohawk, Christianity 
soon reigned supreme. 

15. Where was the first mass said in New York ? 

In a log chapel, built in a single day, on the site of 
the present city of Syracuse (1G55). 

16. What became the chief missionary centre ? 
Caughnewaga (Jcaw-Jic-ioa'ga), on the Mohawk River. 

Here a church and schools were erected. 

17. Who has been called "The Lily of the Mohawks?" 

Catharine Tehgahkwita {te-gah-we' tali) , an Indian 
maid of that tribe famed for her sanctity. 

18. What occurred in 1664 ? 

An English fleet appeared before New Amsterdam, 
and ordered it to surrender. The governor, Peter 
Stuyvesant {sti'ves-a?it), refused to do so, but the in- 
habitants surrendered it, in spite of '" Headstrong 
Peter, ^' as they called the governor. 

19. What did the English do as soon as they obtained 
possession of the city ? 

They changed the name to New York, in honor of 
the duke of that name, to whom it had been given by 
the king, and appointed Colonel Nichols governor. 

20. Who was appointed governor in 1683 ? 

Colonel Thomas Dongan, an Irish Catholic. In the 



SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY, 63 



same year, lie organized the first legislative assembly 
which ever met in New York. 

21. What was its first act ? 

A proclamation of freedom of conscience. This 
glorious measure remained in force until 1688, when 
the Catholic King James II. was driven from his 
throne by a rebellion of his Protestant subjects. New 
York came under 
Protestant rule, 
and Catholicism 
Avas proscribed. 

22. What became 
of the converted In- 
dians P 

Many of the Iro- 
quois tribe re- 
moved to Canada, 
where, to this day, 
they have retained 
their nationality 
and their faith. 




SEAI. OF NEW TOBK. 



23. What was said of New York w^hen it was taken by 
the English ? 

That there were eighteen different languages spoken 
within its limits. It would appear as though it were 
marked out from the first to be a cosmopolitan city. 

24. What did the Duke of York do in regard to what is 
now New Jersey ? 

He sold it to two English noblemen, Sir George 
Carteret and Lord Berkeley. The former's portion 



64 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 

was called East Jersey, and the latter's West New Jer- 
sey, but the new colony was known as "The Jerseys" 
for many years. 

25. Why was the name of Jersey given ? 

In honor of Sir George Carteret, who had been gov- 
ernor of the Isle of Jersey, in the English Channel. 
Carteret named the first English settlement in the 

new colony Eliz- 
abethtown, in 
honor of his wife 
(1665). The 
next settlement 
was made at 
Newark (1666). 

26. Who •was 
appointed the 
first governor of 
East Jersey ? 

Philip Car- 
teret, cousin of 
J^Mi^s n. Sir George. It 

is recorded of him, that upon landing at Elizabeth- 
town, he marched from the landing-place with a hoe 
on his shoulder — thus signifying his intention of be- 
coming a planter with the people. 

27. What did Lord Berkeley do with his portion of Ne^v 
Jersey ? 

He sold it to two Quakers, who made a settlement 
at Salem. 

28. What occurred in 1682 ? 




SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY. 65 



William Penn, with eleven other Quakers, purchased 
the entire territory of New Jersey, and made Robert 
Barclay, a young Scotch Quaker, its governor, beneath 
whose rule it became prosperous. 

29. What happened in 1702 ? 

New Jersey was svirrendered to the crown, who 
placed it under the rule of the Governor of New York. 
In 1738, it was 
once more made a 
free colony, and 
so remained until 
the Eevolution. 
New Jersey was 
the scene of no 
stirring event, but 
enjoyed undis- 
turbed peace and 
prosperity, and, to 
quote a traveler's 
words, " there was 
not a poor body 
nor one in want in all its borders." 

30. Who troubled the commerce of the colonies in the 
17th century ? 

Pirates. One of the worst of these was Captain 
Teach, better known as Blackbeard, who added to the 
natural ferocity of his appearance by wearing a lighted 
match-end around his head when he went into action. 

31. What privateer was sent against the pirates in 
161S? 




SEAL OP NEW JERSEY. 



66 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY, 

Captain William Kidd, who, failing to win the fame 
and fortune he sought by destroying the pirates, 
turned pirate himself, and was captured and hanged 
at London. 

32. What was current long after his death ? 

Legends of the great treasure which he had concealed 
at some point along the coast, and for many years 
credulous men dug in the sands, hoping to find Kidd's 
gold. 

SUMMARY. 

I. Samuel de Champlain was explorinc^ the lake which bears 
his name, when Henry Hudson's ship, the "Half Moon," as- 
cended the Hudson River (1609). 

II. The Dutch laid claim, in consequence, to the land along 
the Hudson River, and called it New Netherland. The first 
settlement within its limits was made at New Amsterdam, where 
New York city now stands. 

III. In 1626, the Dutch West India Company founded per- 
manent settlements in New Netherlands, which they purchased 
from the Indians. New Amsterdam grew into a thriving town. 

IV. Under the liberal Dutch rule, Catholicism grew rapidly. 
Missionaries, who had replaced the martyred Father Jogues, 
won the cruel Five Nations to the faith, and made them gentle 
and peaceful. 

The first mass was said where Syracuse now stands, in 1655, 
in a log cabin, built by pious, zealous hands, in a day. 

V. In 1664, an English fleet appeared before New Amster- 
dam and summoned it to surrender. The Dutch governor, 
Stuyvesant, refused, but the inhabitants insisted upon yielding 
the town to the English, who changed its name to New York. 

VI. In 1683, Colonel Thomas Dongan, an Irish Catholic, was 
appointed governor. Under his rule, the first legislative assem- 



SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY. 67 

bly was convened, whose first act was to proclaim religious tol- 
eration. 

VII. In 1688, a Protestant rebellion against the English Cath- 
olic king, James 11. , deprived him of his throne, which was be- 
stowed on the Dutch Protestant prince, William of Orange, his 
son-in-law. With Protestant rule came religious intolerance ; 
Catholicism was proscribed in the colony of New York, Many 
of the Catholic Iroquois departed, and sought a home in Cana- 
dian forests, where, to this day, many villages exist which have 
preserved the faith. 

VIII. The Duke of York sold that portion of New Nether- 
lands, now forming the State of New Jersey, to two English 
noblemen. Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. It was 
named New Jersey, in honor of Carteret, who had been governor 
of the Isle of Jersey, in the British Channel. The former's por- 
tion was West New Jersey and the latter's East New Jersey, but 
they were commonly known as The Jerseys. 

IX. Gradually the Quakers purchased the Jerseys, until in 
1682, they had acquired the whole region. They made Robert 
Barclay governor, beneath whom it became prosperous. 

X. In 1702. New Jersey was ceded to the crown, who united 
it with New York. In 1738, it was once again made a free col- 
ony, and so remained until the Revolution. 

XI. Piracy troubled the commerce of the colonies sorely dur- 
ing the seventeenth century. The most noted of these pirates 
were Blackbeard, and Kidd, a privateer who had turned pirate 
upon failing to find any pirates to conquer. The most energetic 
measures were taken against pirates by all the colonies, and 
before the close of the century, the evil was pretty well rooted 
out. 



68 



SEVEIfTEENTH CENTURY. 



LESSOT^ V. 

MARYLAND, PENNSYLVANIA, DELAWARE, AND 
THE CAROLINAS. 



Charles I. Son of James I. 
He was a good man, but an 
unwise king. Parliament i-e- 
belled against him, and after 
a reign of twenty-five years, 
put him to deatli. 

Henrietta Maria. A Frenchi 
princess, wife of Charles I. 

Heron Island. A small island 
in Chesapeake Bay. 

St. Mary's. Situated near 
the entrance of the Potomac 
into Chesapeake Bay. 

Delaware. Named from Lord 
de la Warre, governor of Vir- 
ginia. Motto: "Liberty and 
Independence." 

The Thames {term) River. The 



principal river of England, 
on which London is situated. 

Pennsylvania. Named after 
William Penn, and the only 
State in the Union that is 
named after its founder. 

Philadelphia. This means 
"brotherly love." 

North and South Carolina. 
Named after Charles I. of 
England. Motto: "Ready 
to give life and property." 

Charleston. Named after 
Charles IL 

Madagas'car. An immense 
island, larger than France, in 
the Indian Ocean, off the 
coast of Africa. 



1. By whom and for what purpose was Maryland 
founded ? 

By Lord Baltimore, as a refuge for English Catholics, 
who at that time suffered persecution in their native 
land. 

2. Why was it called Maryland ? 

In honor of Henrietta Maria, the wife of Charles I., 
then King of England, and a devout Catholic. 

3. In what ships did the colonists come and where did 
they land ? 

Led by Leonard Calvert, Lord Baltimore's brother. 



MARYLAND, PENNSYLVANIA, DELAWARE, ETC, 69 

the three hundred emigrants sailed in ''The Ark" 
and "The Dove," and landed on St. Clement^s Island 
(now Heron Island), on the Feast of the Annunciation 
(1634). 

4. By whom were they accompanied ? 

By several English Jesuits, among them the cele- 
brated Father White, who, in his description of the 




CECIL, LOBD BALTIMOBB. 



Potomac River, declares that " the Thames itself is a 
mere rivulet to it." 

5. Where did they finally locate ? 

On the banks of a small river, which they called St. 



70 



SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 



Mary's Eiver, they founded their settlement, which 
they called also St. Mary's. 

6. What did they call themselves ? 
" Pilgrims of St. Mary's." 

7. What did 
Father White 
say when the 
colony was 
founded ? 

" The finger 
of God is in 
this." 

8. What 
proved the truth 
of these words ? 

The career 
of the colony, 
while it was 
ruled by Cath- 
olics, proved 
the truth of his words, for Christian peace and toler- 
ance characterized it. 

9. What else can be said of the Maryland Catholic 
colony ? 

It approached the nearest to independence and self- 
government of any of the colonies. The king ex- 
acted of it only two Indian arrows every year, and 
one-fifth of its gold and silver. 

10. What was it called ? 

" The Land of the Sanctuary," because all Christian' 




CHARLES I. 



MAEYLAND, PENNSYLVANIA, DELAWARE, ETC. 71 



were tolerated there. This drew to it the Quakers 
who had been banished from the New England colo- 
nies, and Puritans wdio had been driven ■ from Vir- 
ginia. 

11. How were the Indians treated by the Maryland colo- 
nists ? 

With kindness 
and justice. They 
were paid for their 
lands in cloth, 
tools, and trinkets, 
and converted and 
civilized by means 
of the missions, 
that were soon es- 
tablished for that 
purpose, 

12. What can be 
said of the Mary- 
land Indians ? 

Their gentle and pacific character rendered the mis- 
sionaries' task comparatively an easy one. It may be 
added that the Maryland colony remained free from 
the warfare with the Indians which troubled the other 
colonies. 

13. What was the fate of the Maryland colony ? 

The Puritans gradually assum.ed power there, and 
finally gained com.plete control, wiiereupon they abol- 
ished religious toleration, and deprived Catholics of 
civil rights. 




SEAL OP MARYLAND, 



SEVEXTEEXTH CENTURY. 




14. What became of the missionaries ? 

They were sent to England as prisoners. Father 

White, after labor- 
ing for ten years 
in the colony, was 
sent thither in 
chains, and suf- 
fered a long and 
c r n e 1 imprison- 
ment. This intol- 
erance continued 
until after the 
Revolution. 

15. How did the 
Maryland colonists 

SE4L OP DELAWARE. HVC ? 

Like the Virginians, they did not dwell in towns, 
but on large plan- 
tations, and en- 
gaged in the cul- 
ture of tobacco, 
which served as 
currency. 

16. Where was 
the next settlement 
made ? 

I n Delaware, 
near the site of 
the present city 
of Wilmington 
(1638). It was 




SEAL OP PENNSYLVANIA. 



MAEYLAND, PEJS'NSYLVANIA, DELAWARE, ETC. 73 



named New Sweden, but had only a brief existence, 
being subjugated by the Dutch from New Amsterdam 
{1()55). 



17. When 
Pennsylvania 
tied? 



was 
set- 



In 1643, by 
Swedes and Finns, 
and in 1682 by 
English Quakers 
under William 
Penn, who found- 
ed Philadelphia 
(1683). 

i8. How did Penn 
treat the Indians ? 



By his kindness he 





SEAl. OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 



SBAL OF NORTH CAROLINA. 

established the most friendly re- 
lations with them, 
and in c o n s e- 
quence, Pennsyl- 
vania, like Mary- 
land, remained for 
a long time at 
peace with the red 
men. 

19. Did Penn pro- 
fess religious toler- 
ation ? 

He did, and per- 
sisted in granting 



74 



SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 



it to Catholics in spite of the bitter opposition of his 
colonists. 

20. What disturbed the peace of Pennsylvania ? 

The difficulty of settling the line which divided it 
from Maryland. The matter was carried to England, 
and settled by a grant of half the land between Ches- 
apeake Bay and the Delaware, to Penn. The present 
boundary was fixed by two surveyors, Mason and 
Dixon, in 1767. 

21. When was North Carolina settled ? 

In 1653, by a band of emigrants from Virginia, 
under Roger Green. 

22. South Caro- 
lina ? 

In 1682, when 
the city of 
Charleston was 
founded (named 
after Charles 
II.). 

23. What be- 
came the princi- 
pal industry in 
South Carolina ? 

The culture 
of rice. And in 
this way. One 
of the Charles- 
ton colonists thought that the patch of rich land in 
the back of his garden resembled soil which he had 
seen bearing rice in ^.ladagascar. Shortly after a ship 




CHABLES n. 



EXLORATIONS OF FRENCH MISSIOJfARIES. 75 

from Madagascar anchored in distress near Charleston ; 
he procured a bag of rice for seed from the captain, 
which he planted, and raised an abundant harvest. 

SUMMARY. 

I. Maryland was settled in 1634, by a Roman Catholic 
colony sent by Lord Baltimore. They settled at St. Mary's, 
and established the most friendly relations with the gentle 
Maryland Indians, who were easily won to the faith by the cele- 
brated Father White, and other Jesuits, who accompanied the 
colonists. 

II. The religious toleration extending to all Christians won 
for Maryland the name of the Land of the Sanctuary ! and drew 
to it persecuted Puritans from Virginia and banished Quakers 
from New England. But the Puritans gradually assumed the 
reins of power, and then displayed the foulest, blackest ingrati- 
tude, by abolishing religious toleration, and sending the mis- 
sionaries to languish in English prisons. 

III. This intolerance prevailed until after the Revolution. 

IV. In 1638 Delaware was settled, on tlie site of Wilmington, 
by Swedes and Finns. New Sweden's existence was brief ; it 
was soon subjugated by the Dutch, from New Amsterdam. 

V. Pennsylvania was settled in 1682 by Quakers, under Wil- 
liam Penn, who founded Philadelphia. Penn exercised religious 
toleration, even towards Catholics, in spite of the opposition of 
his colonists. 

VI. North Carolina was settled in 1653 by emigrants from 
Virginia ; South Carolina, in 1683, when the city of Charleston 
was founded. 



76 SEVENTEENTH CENTUKY. 



LESSON VI. 

EXPLORATIONS OF FRENCH MISSIONARIES IN 
THE LATTER HALF OF THE 17TH CENTURY. 



George Bancroft (1800—). A 
native of Massachusetts, and 
the greatest historian Amei'- 
ica has yet produced. 

Washington Irving (1783- 
1859). One of the greatest 
and most popular of Ameri- 
can prose writers. He was a 
native of New York. 



Mackinaw. A village of Michi- 
gan, situated on the Isle of 
Mackinaw, in Lake Huron, 
near where it connects with 
Lake Michigan. 

Falls of St. Anthony. Situ- 
ated in the Mississippi River, 
in the State of Minnesota, at 
Minneapolis. 



1. What great missionaries succeeded Breboeuf and his 
companions ? 

Fathers Allouez [al-loo-ay), Dablon and Marquette 
{mar-Tcet'), whom Bancroft calls "The Illustrious Tri- 
umvirate. " 

2. What did Father Allouez do ? 

He explored the shores of Lake Superior and Lake 
Michigan, and founded missions among the Miamis, 
Foxes, and other Indian tribes. After laboring for 
many years, he died among the Miami Indians. 

3. Father Dablon ? 

Peace having been concluded between the French 
and the Five Nations, he penetrated to their territory. 
He was warmly welcomed, and soon had the happiness 
of offering the holy sacrifice among the fierce Iroquois 
in a log cabin built by willing hands in a day (1655). 

4. What can you say of Father Marquette ? 

He is one of the most glorious figures in our early 



78 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 

history. After having founded the important mission 
of Mackinaw, he discovered the Mississippi in its 
upper course, and in company with Father Joliet de- 
scended that great stream far enough to ascertain that 
it emptied into the Gulf of Mexico. 

5. What did he call the Mississippi ? 

The " River of the Immaculate Conception.*' 

6. What else did he do ? 

Father Marquette also explored the Missouri, Ar- 
kansas, Ohio, and Illinois rivers. 

7. Describe his death. 

On his way back to Mackinaw he felt his strength 
failing, and crossing to Lake Michigan's eastern shore, 
' entered the mouth of a small stream there. His two 
attendants bore him on shore and placed him on a bed 
•of leaves, and erected an awning of birch bark over 
him. 

8. Continue. 

Taking a crucifix from his neck, he begged one of 
his companions to hold it before his eyes as long as he 
should live. He then uttered his profession of faith, 
and with his eyes fixed upon the crucifix passed calmly 
away (1675). 

,9. Where was his body interred ? 

Near the spot where he died. But soon afterwards 
it was removed to the Isle of Mackinaw, where it now 
rests. For long years afterwards, when storms swept 
■ over the lake, the Indian boatmen Avere wont to invoke 
his assistance. They called him the "Angel of the 
^Ottawa Mission." 



EXPLORATIONS OF FRENCH MISSIONARIES. 79 

10. What other name has been given to Father Mar- 
quette. 

" The Father of the West." " The West/' declares 
Bancroft, "will build his monument." 

11. What does the great historian, Bancroft, say of the 
missionaries' explorations ? 

" The history of the Jesuits' labors is connected with 
the origin of every celebrated town in the annals of 
French America ; not a cape was turned or a river 
entered but a Jesuit led the way." 

12. What glorious tribute does Washington Irving pay 
the missionaries ? 

" The Catholic priest went even before the soldier 
and trader ; from lake to lake, from river to river, the 
missionaries pressed on, unresting, and with a power 
which no other Christians have exhibited, won to the 
Faith the warlike Miamis, and the luxurious Illinois. " 

1 3. What great explorer succeeded the missionaries ? 

A Frenchman named Kobert de La Salle {lah sal). 
He was the first white man to navigate the great 
lakes, crossing Lake Ontario in the first sail-boat that 
was seen upon its waters. After many adventures he 
reached the Mississippi, and gave the name of St. An- 
thony to the falls in the upper portion of that river. 

14. What did he afterwards do ? 

Later on he descended the Mississippi from St. An- 
thony's Falls to the Gulf of Mexico, and took posses- 
sion of the country, which he called Louisiana, in the 
name of his king (1682). 



80 SEVENTEENTH CENTUKY. 

15. What was the consequence of these explorations ? 
France laid claim to the valley of the Mississippi as 

soon as she learned that the St. Lawrence connected 
with the Gulf of Mexico, and prepared to colonize 
Louisiana. 

16. Where was the first permanent settlement made in 
what is now the State of Illinois ? 

At Kaskaskia, by the French (1683). 

17. In Indiana ? 

At Vincennes, by the French (1690). 

18. In Texas ? 

At Bexar, by the Spanish (1692). 

19. In Louisiana ? ' 
At Iberville, by the French (1699). 

SUMMARY. 

I. The great Father Breboeuf and his companions were re- 
placed by Fathers AUouez, Dablon and Marquette, whom Ban- 
croft calls "The Illustrious Triumvirate." Father Allouez 
explored the shores of Lake Superior, and Christianized the 
Fox and Miami Indians, among which latter tribe he died, 
after many years of missionary labor. 

II. Father Dablon profited by a peace between the French 
and the Five Nations, to penetrate to the latter. They received 
him kindly, accepted Christianity, and the zealous priest soon 
had the happiness of seeing the holy sacrifice offered in a log 
cabin completed in one day. 

III. Father Marquette discovered the Mississippi in its upper 
course, and descended it as far as Arkansas. He also explored 
the Missouri, Ohio, Arkansas, and Illinois rivers. On his way 
back to Mackinaw, the mission from which he had set out, he 
peacefully passed to his reward on the shore of Lake Michigan. 
His remains rest at Mackinaw. 



NEW FRANCE AND NEW ENGLAND. 



81 



IV. He was succeeded by La Salle, who traced the Missis- 
sippi from the Falls of St. Anthony, which he named, to the 
Gulf of Mexico. He named the country on its shores Louisiana, 
and France prepared to colonize it. 



LESSON VII. 

NEW FRANCE AND TSIKW ENGLAND AT THE 
CLOSE OF THE 17TH CENTURY. 



King William. This was the 
famous Dutch Prince of 
Orange, who usurped the 
throne of James II., the last 
Catholic King of England. 
William was the husband of 



Mary, daughter of James II., 
who abetted her husband in 
his seizure of the crown. 
Schenectady. Situated in New 
York, on the Mohawk River. 
It is now a flourishing town. 



1. What did the French do after the discovery of La 
Salle ? 

They began to erect a chain of trading-posts and 
forts throughout the vast region extending from the 
St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico. 

2. How did the English regard this proceeding ? 

They resented it extremely, declaring that the 
French were encroaching upon the English posses- 
sions. 

3. How, on the other hand, did the English irritate the 
French ? 

By asserting a claim to the territory now included 
in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, based on the 
charter of Massachusetts granted by James I. 

4. Upon what was James the First's right to grant land 
in North America based ? 



83 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 

On the discoveries of the Cabots along the North 
American coast. 

5. What was the result of all this ? 

The relations of the two nations became more and 
more unfriendly, until at last, in 1689, a war broke 
out between them which lasted, under different 
names, and with intervals of peace, for over seventy 
years. 

6. Mention the names by which the French and Indian 
War was known at different times ? 

King William's War, Queen Anne's War, King 
George's War, and the French and Indian War. 

7. When did King William's War begin ? 

In 1689, and was so called because, after the Protest- 
ant English had driven the Catholic King James II. 
from his throne, and placed upon it his son-in-law, 
the Protestant William of Orange, the French insisted 
upon regarding the English colonists as rebels to their 
lawful king. 

8. Which cause did the Five Nations espouse ? 

The English, because they obtained supplies of 
guns, powder, and other necessaries, from them, in 
exchange for furs. They were, therefore, determined 
to keep the French and other Indians from sharing in 
the fur trade of the North and West. 

9. What did the Iroquois do in 1689? 

They descended upon the Island of Montreal, and 
massacred fifteen hundred of the French. 
ID. What followed ? 
The French, who believed the English to have 



NEW FEANCE AND NEW ENGLAND. 83 

abetted this attack, sent down a party from Canada, 
to surprise Schenectady {ske-nek'ta-de), at that time 
the frontier settlement of New York. 

11. When did they reach it.? 

In the middle of the winter, at night. So secure 
did the inmates feel, that they found two snow images 
stationed at the gate for sentinels. They easily cap- 
tured the fort, and then destroyed it, after having 
slain many of the inmates. 

12. How did the English retaliate ? 

They sent a fleet of eight vessels, in command of Sir 
William Phipps, against Port Eoyal, in Nova Scotia, 
then Acadia. The fort was weak, and surrendered 
without opposition. 

13. What further measures did the English now take .? 

A congress, composed of delegates from all the colo- 
nies as far south as Maryland, assembled in New York 
to deliberate upon the best course to pursue. 

14. What was finally resolved ? 

That an attack be made upon the enemy's two 
strongholds of Quebec and Montreal. That on Mont- 
real was to be made by land, that on Quebec by sea. 

15. Was the plan carried out ? 

It was, but both expeditions failed completely. 
Their only result was to impoverish the colonies. 

16. How long did King William's War continue ? 

Until 1697, when the Treaty of Eyswick {riz-wick') 
put an end to it. By the terms of this treaty, it was 
provided that the boundaries of New France and New 
England should remain as they were. 



84 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 

17. What excitement raged in New England during the 
year 1692 ? 

The witchcraft delusion — which began in this way: 
The daughter and niece of a Puritan minister, named 
Parris, living in Salem, became ill of a nervous dis- 
ease, and the puzzled physicians finally decided that 
they were bewitched. Parris accepted their decision, 
and began to look about for the sorcerers — and de- 
clared he had found them in the persons of three old 
women. 

18. What ensued ? 

The poor old women were promptly arrested. Then 
the excitement mounted to fever height, and raged 
for a year, during which twenty persons suffered death 
for witchcraft. Cotton Mather, a prominent minis- 
ter, was the most zealous persecutor of those sus- 
pected. 

SUMMARY. 

I. In consequence of La Salle's explorations, the French pro- 
ceeded to extend a chain of trading-posts and forts through the 
vast region extending from the St. Lawrence to the Gulf of 
Mexico. 

IL The English resented this, and declared that France was 
encroaching upon the English possessions. In their turn, too, 
they irritated the French by declaring that the Massachusetts 
charter granted by James I. gave them a right to the present ter- 
ritory of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Cabot's discoveries 
gave the English crown a prior right to North America. 

III. The relations of the two nations became more and more 
unfriendly. At length they broke out into a war, called King 
William's War, in 1689. The Iroquois allies of the English de- 
scended upon the Island of Montreal and massacred fifteen hun- 
dred French. 



NEW FKANCE AND NEW ENGLAND. 85 

IV. The French resolved that their reprisal should fall upon 
the English, whom they suspected of having instigated the at- 
tack. Accordingly, they made a midnight descent upon Sche- 
nectady, then the frontier settlement of New York, surprised it. 
and slew many of the inmates. 

V. England responded by sending Sir William Phipps against 
Port Royal, in Nova Scotia, which he captured. A congress of 
delegates, who met in New York, decided that two expeditions 
should proceed, one by land against Montreal, and another by 
sea against Quebec. Both failed, and their only result was to 
impoverish the colonies ; but King William's War continued 
until 1697, when the Peace of Ryswick terminated it. 

VI. In 1692, the witchcraft excitement raged in Salem, and 
twenty persons suffered death for this imputed crime. The 
most zealous of the persecutors was Cotton Mather, a famous 
New England minister. 

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 

1605. — Port Royal (now Annapolis) founded by the French. 

1606. — London and Plymouth Companies chartered. 

1607. — Settlement of Jamestown, Virginia. 

1608. — Quebec founded by Champlain. 

1609. — Champlain discovers Lake Champlain. 

Henry Hudson discovers the Hudson River. 
1610. — Virginia settlers experience the Starving Time. 
1611. — Jesuits arrive in New France. 
1613. — Jesuit mission founded on Mount Desert Island. 

The same mission destroyed by Argall, an English 
buccaneer. 

New York settled by the Dutch. 

Pocahontas wedded to John Rolfe. 
1614.— Name of New England given to the six States now 

comprised within it. 
1615. — Franciscans arrive in New France. 
1620. — Puritans land at Plymouth. 

Slavery introduced into Virginia. 



8G SEVEN'TEEXTH CENTURY. 

1632. — Disastrous Indian outbreak in Virginia, under Opecau- 
canough. 

1625. — Jesuits arrive in Canada. 

1629. — Portsmouth, New Hampshire, founded. 

1633. — Dutch settle in Connecticut. 

1634. — Maryland settled by Lord Baltimore. 

1635. — Dutch leave Connecticut. English settle at Hartford. 
Champlain dies at Quebec. 

1636. — Rhode Island settled at Providence, by Roger Wil- 
liams. 

1637.— Pequod War. 

1638. — Delawai'e settled by Swedes. 

New Haven, Connecticut, founded by the English. 

1639. — St. Mary's Mission founded on Lake Huron, by the 
Jesuits. 

1640.— Montreal founded. 

1642. — Father Jogues captured by the Iroquois. 

1643. — Father Jogues aided by the Dutch to escape. 

1646. — Father Jogues martyred by the Iroquois. 

Father Druillettes is sent to the Abnaki Indians at 
their request. 

1648. — Father Daniel martyred. 

1649. — Fathers Breboeuf and Lallemant martyred. 

1650. — Destruction of the Hurons by the Iroquois. 

1653. — North Carolina settled by the English. 

Salt Springs at Onondaga discovered by Father Le 
Moyne. 

1654. — Penal Laws put in force against Catholics in Mary- 
land. 
Jesuit Mission established in the Mohawk Valley. 

1655. — The Dutch, under Stuyvesant, conquer the Swedes in 
Delaware. 

1664. — New Netherlands taken by the English. 

1665. — New Jersey settled at Elizabethtown by the English. 
Southern shore of Lake Superior discovered by Father 
Allouez. 

1666. — Newark, New Jersev, founded. 



KEW FRANCE AND NEW ENGLAND. 87 

1668. — Mission of Sault Ste. Marie founded by Father Mar- 
quette. 
1669. — Green Bay founded by Father AUouez. 
1670. — Detroit, Michigan, settled. 

1673. — Upper Mississippi explored by Father Marquette. 
1675.— Death of Father Marquette. King Philip's War 

begins in New England. 
1676. — Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia. 
1682. — Charleston, in South Carolina, founded. 

Penn settles Pennsylvania. 
1683,— Philadelphia founded by Penn. 

Colonel Dongan made Governor of New York. 

First Legislature meets in New York, and proclaims 
religious freedom. 

Kaskaskia, Illinois, founded by the Jesuits. 
1684. — The Mississippi explored to the Gulf of Mexico by La 

Salle. 
1685. — Settlement in Texas attempted by Tia Salle. 
1689. — Catholicism proscribed in New York. 

Commencement of King William's War. 
1690. — Massacre at Schenectady. 

English repulsed at Quebec and Montreal. 

Vincennes, Indiana, settled. 
1692. — Witchcraft excitement at Salem. 
1699. — Louisiana settled at d'Iberville. 



PART IV. 

EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, 



QUEEN ANNE'S 



LESSON I 

AATAR AND 
WAR. 



KINO OEORGE'S 



Ogdensburg. "The Maple 
City," situated in New York, 
oil the St. Lawrence River, 
about 200 miles northwest of 
Albany. 

Nova Scotia. Now the pen- 
insular Province of the Do- 
minion of Canada. 

St. Simon's Island. A small 



island on the coast of Geor- 
gia, at the mouth of the 
Altamaha {awl-ta-ma-liaw') 
River. 
Cape Breton {brit'un) Island. 
Situated in the Atlantic 
Ocean, off the coast of Nova 
Scotia, in which Province it 
is included. 



1. What was passed in New York in the year 1700 ? 

A law against Catholic priests, by which they were 
forbidden to remain in or enter the Province of New 
York, under penalty of perpetual imprisonment. In 
case of escape and re-capture, they were to suffer 
death. 

2. How long did this law remain in force ? 

Until 1784, after a Catholic power had materially 
aided the colonies in their struggle for freedom. 



QUEEK ANNE'S AND KING GEORGE'S WARS. 89 

3. How long did the Peace of Ryswick last ? 

Until 1702, when the French and Indian War broke 
out again ; this time under the name of Queen Anne's 
War. In Europe, it was known as the "War of the 
Spanish Succession." 

4. Where were hostilities begun in this war in the colo- 
nies ? 

In South Carolina. The Spaniards being at this 
time allies of the French, Governor Moore, of that col- 
ony, undertook an expedition against St. Augustine, 
which failed. 

5. What did Moore do shortly after ? 

He undertook an exjaedition against the Ap-a-lach'-i- 
an Indians of Florida, who were Christians, slew eight 
hundred of them, along with several of their mission- 
aries, and laid waste their territory (1703). 

6. How many Indians did Moore take captive? 

Fourteen hundred. Some of these he sold for his 
own profit ; the remainder he employed in cultivating 
his lands. 

7. What became of the remnant of the Appalachian 
tribe ? 

The missions which had begun to civilize them hav- 
ing been destroyed, they led thenceforth a wandering 
life under the name of Seminoles (Wanderers), lost 
their faith, and became the terror of the whites. 

8. What did the colonists do in 1710? 

They captured Port Royal, in Nova Scotia, which 
they called "the hornets' nest," and changed its name 
to Annapolis, in honor of Queen Anne. 



90 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 

9. What did England do the following year ? 

She sent a great expedition from England to effect 
the conquest of Canada. A large force of colonists, 
and eight hundred Iroquois, joined it, but, notwith- 
standing this, it failed completely. 

10. What occurred in 1713? 

The Peace of Utrecht, which put an end to the M'ar 
for a time. By its terms England acquired Hudson 
Bay, Newfoundland, and Acadia. The limits of this 
last, however, were so poorly defined as to cause much 
trouble at a later day. 

11. Did this peace prevail throughout all the colonies ? 

Throughout all except Xew England, where hostili- 
ties were still kept up between the colonists and the 
Abenaki Indians. 

12. What horrible act did the English commit in 1724? 

They took an Abenaki settlement, at which a Catho- 
lic mission had been established, and cruelly put to 
death Father Easle (ral), a great French Jesuit mis- 
sionary, who had devoted himself to the Indians for 
thirty years. 

13. Describe the manner of Father Rasle's death. 
Pierced by several bullets, he fell at the foot of the 

mission cross. Seven chiefs, who had gathered about 
him, shared his fate, and the settlement was annihi- 
lated. 

14. What fort did the French erect in 1731 ? 

Crown Point, on the western shore of Lake Cham- 
plain, destined to be the scene of many a terrible con- 



93 



EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 



flict in later years. Shortly after, a mission was 
founded at Ogdensburg. 

15. What took place in 1733 ? 

The settlement of Georgia, the youngest of The 
Thirteen Original States. It was named Georgia, in 
honor of King George II., then King of England. 
The first settlement was made at Savannah. 



16. Who founded it ? 
General Oglethorpe. 



It was intended as a refuge 
for unfortunates, 
especially poor 
debtors. By the 
terms of its char- 
ter, lands and re- 
ligious toleration 
were guaranteed 
to all settlers save 
Eoman Catholics. 

17. What was 
the consequence ? 

The colony soon 
counted among its 
memb'ers Jews 
from London, Highlanders from Scotland, and Prot- 
estants from Austria, called Moravians. 

18. What industry was introduced into the new colony ? 

Silk-raising, which was continued until the Revolu- 
tion. Oglethorpe took the first silk produced in the 
colony to England, and the queen had a dress made 
of it. 




BEAl OP GEORGIA. 



QUEEN ANNE'S AND KING GEORGE'S WARS. 93 

19. What happened in 1739 ? 

War broke out between England and Spain, and 
Oglethorpe undertook an expedition against St. Au- 
gustine, which failed. 

20. How did the Spaniards retaliate three years later ? 
They invaded Georgia, and landed, three thousand 

strong, on St. Simon's Island. It would, no doubt, 
have fared badly with the weak colony, if Oglethorpe 
had not succeeded in saving it by means of a strata- 
gem. 

21. What excitement raged in Ne-w York in the year 
1741? 

That of the Negro Plot. Several fires, wliich are 
now believed to have been accidental, led the j^eople 
to believe that a plot existed among the negro slaves, 
to burn the city and massacre the inhabitants. 

22. What •was the consequence ? 

Though their guilt was never proven, eleven negroes 
were burned alive, eighteen were hanged, and fifty 
transported to the West Indies. 

23. What did Oglethorpe do at this juncture ? 

He wrote a letter which convinced the New Yorkers 
that a Catholic priest was at the bottom of the Negro 
Plot. In consequence, priests were eagerly sought for, 
but none being found, a poor schoolmaster, named 
Ury, was declared to be one, and arrested, tried, con- 
demned, and executed. 

24. When did the French and Indian War break out 
again ? 



94 EIGHTEENTH CE2!fTUKY. 

In 1744, this time under the name of King George ^s 
War. 

25. What was its chief event ? 

The capture of the fortress of Louisburg, on Cape 
lireton Island, by the English (1745). 

26. When was peace restored ? 

In 1748, by the treaty of Aix la Chapelle {dx lah 
sha-peV). 

SUMMARY. 

I. The Eighteenth Centim-y opened in New York with the 
passage of a law against Catholic priests, forbidding them to 
remain in or enter the Province, under penalty of j^erpeiiial im- 
prisonment ; and, in case of escape and re-capture, they were to 
be punished with death. This cruel law was not revoked until 
1784, after France, a Roman Catholic power, had aided the col- 
onies in their struggle for freedom. 

II. The Peace of Ryswick lasted only until 1702, when the 
French and Indian War broke out again. Governor Moore, of 
South Carolina, began hostilities by leading an expedition 
against St. Augustine, which failed. Shortly after, he led an- 
other against the Appalachian Indians, in Florida, who were 
Christians, slew eight hundred of them, along with several of 
their missionaries, and enslaved fourteen hundred more. 

III. The missions among them having been destroyed, the 
Appalachian tribe thenceforth led a wandering life, under the 
name of Seminoles (wanderers), lost their faith, and became the 
terror of the whites. 

IV. In 1710, the English colonists took Port Royal, in Nova 
Scotia, which they called "the hornets' nest," and changed its 
name to Annapolis, in honor of Queen Anne. The following 
year, England sent a great expedition to eifect the conquest of 
Canada, which failed completely. In 1713, the Peace of Utrecht 
put a formal end to Queen Anne's War. 

V. Hostilities still continued, however, in New England, be- 



FKENCH AND INDIAN" WAR. 95 

tween the colonists and the Abenaki Indians. In 1724, the Eng- 
lish took a settlement at which a Catholic Mission had been 
established, and cruelly put to death Father Rasle, a great 
Jesuit missionary who had laboi'ed among the Indians for thirty 
years. 

VI. In 1783, Georgia was settled, the last of the thirteen 
Original States. Oglethorpe was its founder, and its charter 
granted religious toleration, and bestowed lands on all settlers 
save Roman Catholics. As the colony was founded as a refuge 
for the unfortunate, especially poor debtors, it soon numbered 
Jews from London, Highlanders from Scotland, and Moravians 
from Austria, among its members. 

VII. In 1739, Oglethorpe undertook an expedition against 
St. Augustine, which failed. Three years later, the Spaniards 
retaliated by invading Georgia. It would have gone hard with 
the weak little colony, if Oglethorpe had not succeeded in sav- 
ing it by a stratagem. 

VIII. In 1741, New York was the scene of wild excitement. 
It was believed that the negroes intended to massacre the people 
and burn the city. Although their guilt was not proven, eleven 
negrr^-s were burned at the stake, eighteen were hanged, and 
fifty were transported to the West Indies. 

IX. A letter from Oglethorpe inspired the conviction that a 
priest was at the bottom of a Negro Plot, and, in consequence, 
priests Avere eagerly sought for. None were found, but a poor 
schoolmaster, named Ury, was declared to be one, tried, con- 
victed, and executed. 

X. In 1744, the French and Indian War broke out once 
more, this time under the name of King George's War, King 
George II. being then king of England. Its principal event was 
the capture by the English of the fortress of Louisburg, on Cape 
Breton Island, surnamed the "Gibraltar of America." The 
New England troops brought home with them from Louisburg 
an iron cross, which, at present, stands over the entrance to the 
library of Harvard College, near Boston. 

XL King George's War lasted until 1748, when peace was 
established by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. 



96 



EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 



LESSON II, 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



Pittsburg. The second city of 
Pennsylvania. It is situated 
in the western part, at the 
junction of the Alleghany 
and Mo-non-ga-he-la rivers. 

Liongfellow, Henry Wads- 
worth, 1807—1882, was 
born in Portland, Maine. 
He stands in the front rank 
of American poets, and his 



writings are more popular 
than those of any other. 
Bay of Fundy. The body of 
water which separates Nova 
Scotia from New Brunswick. 
It is remarkable for its high 
tides ; the waters rushing in 
from the ocean with such 
rapidity as to rise a foot in 
five minutes. 



1. What had the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle failed to do? 
It had failed to regulate the boundaries between the 

English and French possessions in North America, so 
that, after a few years, the trouble on this score began 
afresh. 

2. What ■was one cause of these troubles ? 

The limits of Acadia, which France had ceded to 
England in 1713. England insisted that Acadia in- 
cluded the whole region east of the Penobscot River, 
while the French maintained that it was limited to the 
region now known as Nova Scotia. 

3. What was another cause ? 

The building of forts by the French in the Valley 
of the Ohio, within the limits of territory granted by 
the English king to a company of Virginia and Mary- 
land colonists, called the "Ohio Company.^' 

4. What did Governor Dinwiddle of Virginia do upon 
hearing that the French were doing this ? 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 9*? 

He sent a young Virginian named George Washing- 
ton to remonstrate with the French. He brought 
back such alarming accounts of their movements, that 
the Virginia Assembly resolved to build a fort at a 
point near the present site of the city of Pittsburg. 

5. Was the fort erected ? 

. It was begun, but while the laborers were at work 
upon it, the French appeared and drove them away ; 
then completed the fort for themselves, and called it 
Fort Du Quesne {dew-kdne), in honor of the governor 
of Canada. 

6. Where was Washington at this time ? 

He was on his way with a body of troops to protect 
the laborers engaged in erecting the fort. When he 
learned that the French had taken it, he marched to 
within a short distance of it, and erected another, 
which he called Fort Necessity. 

7. What then happened ? 

The French attacked Fort Necessity with a much 
larger body of troops than Washington's. After a 
severe encounter of nine hours, Washington was 
obliged to yield, but made it a condition of his sui"- 
render that his little troop should be permitted to 
march out with the honors of war, retain their stores 
and baggage, and be allowed to return to their homes 
(1754). 

8. What did all the colonies do at this juncture ? 
They sent delegates to Albany, where a congress was 

held to discuss the best way to resist the French. 



98 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 

Several Iroquois chiefs were invited to be present anc 
their alliance sought. 

9. What did one of the delegates, Dr. Benjamin Franklin 
urge upon the colonies ? 

The necessity of their uniting. Before he left hii 
home in Philadelphia, he had printed in his newspa- 
per a wood-cut which represented a snake cut into 
thirteen pieces. Each ]3iece bore upon it the initia 
letter of a colony ; and the inscription beneath tlu 
picture was "Unite or die." 

ID. What did England do at this juncture ? 

She sent an army of regular troops to America, un- 
der command of General Braddock. As soon as ht 
arrived in Virginia, four separate expeditions wen 
planned against the French. 

11. Mention them. 

One under Braddock himself was to proceed againsi 
Fort Du Quesne ; a second against Crown Point, on 
Lake Champlain ; a third against Fort Niagara ; and 
a fourth against the French forts on the Bay of Fundy. 

12. Describe the expedition against Fort Du Quesne. 
General Braddock set out with a fine army. He 

knew nothing of Indian warfare, and would take no 
advice from those who did. Washington, who was 
one of his staff officers, in vain requested him to place 
the American troops, who were accustomed to fight 
against Indians, in front, but he refused. 

13. What w^as the consequence of his refusal ? 

As the splendid army marched on with flags flying, 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 99 

music playing, and arms glittering in the sf nshine, 
the advance guard was surprised by Indians in a ravine 
about seven miles from Fort Du Quesne (1755). 

14. What followed ? 

A desperate encounter, in which Braddock was de- 
feated and killed, and Washington had to assume com- 
mand and conduct the retreat. 

15. What is said of Washington during this battle ? 

He had two horses shot under him, and four bullets 
passed through his coat, yet he escaped unhurt. It is 
said that an old Indian chief declared afterwards that 
he and his "young braves" had aimed repeatedly at 
the tall young American, without being able to hit 
him. 

16. How did the other expeditions succeed? 

That against Fort Niagara accomplished nothing. 
The one against Crown Point, commanded by John- 
son, did not take that fortress, but gained a victory 
over the French, for which Johnson was made a 
baronet. 

17. What did Johnson do during this expedition ? 

He changed the name of the Lake of the Blessed 
Sacrament (so named by Father Jogues) to Lake 
George, in honor of the king. 

18. What did the fourth expedition capture ? 

The French forts near the Bay of Fundy. The 
whole region between Maine and Nova Scotia, now 
known as New Brunswick, was subjugated. 



100 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 

» 

19. What cruel act did the English then commit in Nova 
Scotia ? 

They banished the French Catholics, called Acadi- 
ans, from the Province, because they would not take 
an oath renouncing the Catholic religion (1755). 

20. Describe their expulsion. 

They were ordered to assemble upon one morning 
at designated places. They obeyed ; whereupon they 
were informed that they were prisoners of the king of 
England, who had resolved to remove them from the 
Province. 

21. Continue. 

They were then, to the number of about 7,000, 
driven upon English vessels, at the point of the bay- 
onet. The men and boys went first ; the women and 
maidens had to wait for other transports. In this 
way husbands were separated from their wives, chil- 
dren from their parents, and brothers from their sis- 
ters. Many families were never reunited after this 
cruel separation. 

22. What was done with the Acadians ? 

They were distributed among the English colonies 
along the Atlantic coast from Maine to Georgia ; 
penniless, and unable to speak the language of those 
among whom they were landed. 

23. What poet has commemorated this sad event ? 

Longfellow, in ''Evangeline." 

24. What does Bancroft say of the expulsion of the Aca- 
dians ? 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 101 

''I know not if the annals of the human race keep 
the record of sorrows so wantonly inflicted, so bitter 
and perennial, as fell upon the French inhabitants of 
Acadia." 

SUMMARY. 

I. The peace of Aix-la-Chapelle had failed to regulate the 
boundaries between the French and English possessions, and 
fresh troubles soon rose. The English declared that Acadia, 
which had been ceded to them, comprised the entii-e region east 
of the Penobscot River ; the French maintained that it was 
limited to the region now known as Nova Scotia. 

II. Moreover, the French began to erect forts in the Valley 
of the Ohio, within the limits of territory granted to the Ohio 
Company by the king of England. George Washington was 
sent to remonstrate with them, but they persisted, and war 
began. 

III. Braddock was sent out from England with a veteran 
army, but was defeated and killed, when on his way to capture 
Fort Du Quesne. Washington, who behaved with extreme 
bravery and coolness, conducted the retreat (1755). 

IV. A little later in the same year, an English expedition 
fleet subjugated what is now New Brunswick, and captured the 
French forts on the Bay of Pundy. The English then expelled 
7,000 Aeadians or French Catholics from Nova Scotia. 



102 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 

LESSON III. 

FRENCH AND INDIAN \A/^AR (Continued). 

1. What occurred in 1756 ? 

War was formally declared between France and 
England, and the latter sent one of her most distin- 
guished generals, Montcalm {mont-calim), to take 
command of the French troops in America. 

2. What did the following year witness ? 

A series of successes for Montcalm. At its close the 
French possessions vastly exceeded the English. 

3. Who became Prime Minister of England in 1757 ? 

William Pitt, under whose able management the 
tide of success was turned in favor of the English. 
Louisburg was taken by them, though an expedition 
against Ticonderoga failed. 

4. What glorious feat did Washington achieve during 
this campaign ? 

By the aid of Virginia rangers alone, he took Fort 
Du Quesne, which he re-named Fort Pitt, in honor of 
the English minister. Upon his return to Virginia, 
he was received with great honor, and elected to the 
Assembly. At this time, when his name had already 
become glorious, he was not twenty-seven years of a.ge. 

5. How^ did the campaign of 1759 open ? 

With the capture of Forts Niagara and Ticonderoga 
by the English. It was then decided to attack Quebec, 
which was held by Montcalm. 



FRENCH AKD INDIAN WAR. 103 

6. Who commanded the English expedition against Que- 
bec? 

General Wolfe (wool/). Knowing the strength of 
"the walled city of the north," he appeared before it 
with a large force. But it appeared impregnable, and 
two months went by without anything having been 
accomplished. 

7. Continue. 

At length he resolved to try and effect a landing 
above the city. A close examination of the cliff at 
this point revealed a narrow path. Under cover of 
night, the English army ascended this, and the morn- 
ing revealed them drawn up in battle array upon the 
Plains of Abraham, behind the city (1759). 

8. What ensued ? 

A terrible battle, during which both brave com- 
manders spurred on their troops by sliowing them ex- 
amples of the greatest gallantry. At length the battle 
was won by Wolfe, who fell in the moment of victory. 

9. Relate the manner of his death. 

He was roused from his dying stupor by the cry: 
"They flee; they flee!" "Who flee?" he asked. 
"The French," replied the officer in attendance. 
"Grod be praised!" said Wolfe, "I die happy," and 
expired. 

10. What was the fate of Montcalm ? 

After having done all that man could do to redeem 
the day, he fell mortally wounded, and was told that 
he had but a few hours to live. " So much the bet- 



104 



EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 



ter," gasped the brave soldier, "I shall not live to see 
the surrender of Quebec." 

II. What did he do further ? 

He advised his successor what plan to pursue, and 
then desired to be ''left alone luitli God.'' He received 




UOKTCALH. 



the last Sacraments, and lingered until the following 
morning, when he calmly passed away. 

12. What occurred the following year? 
Montreal surrendered, with the whole of Canada, 
and Detroit and Mackinaw. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN AVAR. 105 

13. What took place in 1763 ? 

The Peace of Paris^ by the terms of which France 
agreed to cede to England, Canada, with all the islands 
in the Gulf and River of St. Lawrence, and all her 
possessions east of the Mississippi, with the exception 
of New Orleans. 

14. What had France done a short time before ? 

She had ceded to Spain her possessions west of the 
Mississippi ; so that her career as an American power 
was now ended. 

15. What occurred shortly after the Treaty of Paris ? 
Pontiac^s War, so called because it was headed by 

an Indian chief of that name, who disliked the Eng- 
lish, and formed a conspiracy to kill them. It ended 
in the defeat of the Indians ; and so the long French 
and Indian War came to an end. 

SUMMARY. 

I. In 1756, war was formally declared between France and 
England, and France sent Montcalm, one of her most distin- 
guished generals, to command the French troops in America. 

II. At fii'st the tide of success turned in favor of the French, 
but in 1757, Pitt became Prime Minister of England, and under 
liis wise management the English began to be successful. 

III. Forts Ticonderoga and Niagara having been captured, 
an expedition was undertaken against Quebec. The fall of this 
strong fortress (1759) was "the beginning of the end " of the 
French and Indian war. 

IV. In 1763, the Peace of Paris was signed. By this treaty 
France ceded to England, Canada and all her possessions east 
of the Mississippi, with the exception of New Orleans. The 
brilliant career of France in North America was now over, and 
England reigned supreme from Hudson Bay to the Gulf of 
Mexico. 



106 



EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 



LESSON IV. 

THE REVOLUTION. 



Concord. A town in Massa- 
chusetts, about eighteen miles 
northwest of Boston. 

Lexington. A town in Massa- 
chusetts, six miles east of 



Concord. A small monu- 
ment was set up on the 
Green there in 1799, in mem- 
ory of the first who were slain 
in the Revolutionary War. 



1. Name the thirteen original colonies. 

New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con- 
necticut, 'New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela- 
ware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Car- 
olina, and Georgia. 

2. What was the principal cause of their revolt against 
England ? 

The attempt of England to tax them Avithout per- 
mitting them to be represented in the English Parlia- 
ment. 

3. What phrase came into vogue at this time in the colo- 
nies ? 

"No taxation without representation." 

4. What was passed in England in 1765 ? 

The famous Stamp Act, which compelled the Amer- 
icans to write all their receipts, deeds, mortgages, 
bonds, and other legal documents, upon stamped 
paper. 

5. From whom were the American people to procure this 
paper ? 

From the agents of the English Government only ; 



THE KEVOLUTION. 107 

and they had to pay about ten cents for the stamp on 
each sheet. 

6. Ho'w •was the news of the passage of the Stamp Act 
received by the colonies ? 

AVith the deepest indignation, which Virginia, the 
leading colony, was the first to display openly. In the 
House of Burgesses, the great orator, Patrick Henry, 
arose and read five resolutions, which asserted the 
rights of the colonies, and denied the authority of 
Parliament to tax them. 

7. Hov7 •was the reading of Henry's resolutions received 
by the House ? 

With intense consternation. A long and violent 
debate followed, during which Henry exclaimed, in 
the course of an eloquent speech : *' Caesar had his 

Brutus, Charles I his Cromwell, and George III " 

Here he was interrupted by shouts of "Treason! 
Treason ! " from different parts of the house, but 
the fearless orator went on steadily: "may profit by 
their example. If that be treason, make the most 
of it." 

8. How did the debate end ? 

With the triumph of Henry. His resolutions, 
denying the authority of the English Parliament to 
tax the colonies, were passed. 

9. What was the consequence ? 

All the other colonies were encouraged to show their 
disapproval of the StamjD Act. When the stamjjs 
arrived at sea-port towns, the flags were placed at- 
half-mastj muffled bells were tolled, and the citizens 



108 



EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 



dressed themselves in mourning. In many places, 
the stamps were seized on their arrival, and hidden or 
burned. 

10. What took place in New York ? 

Ten boxes of s-tamps were destroyed on their arrival 
there, and the Stamp Act was printed with a skull 




PA.TBICK HENBT. 



and cross-bones instead of the royal arms, and paraded 
through the streets under the title of "England's 
Folly and America's Euin." 

II. What was the consequence of these demonstrations 
in the colonies ? 

The Stamp Act was repealed in March, 1766, but 



THE REVOLUTION. 109 

at the same time Parliament reasserted its right to tax 
the colonies. 

12. What did the English Parliament do shortly after ? 
It imposed a tax on all tea, glass, paper, and paint- 
er's colors, imported into the colonies. 

13. What effect had this proceeding ? 

It roused the indignation of the colonists once more. 
and they and their families did without the articles 
on which the tax had been laid. They made tea from 
raspberry leaves, sage, and other plants, and wore 
home-spun clothes instead of importing the goods. 

14. What did the English Government at length do ? 

It repealed the tax on all articles, save that of three 
pence per pound on tea, and several shiploads of it 
were sent to America, in the hope that the colonists 
would pay the tax. 

15. What followed ? 

The ships arrived in the harbor of Boston, but the 
people would not permit the tea to be landed, and 
tried to have it sent quietly back to London. 

16. Continue. 

This attempt failed ; whereupon a party of forty or 
fifty men, disguised as Indians, went on board the 
ships during the night and threw three hundred and 
forty chests of tea into the water. This proceeding 
was called the ''Boston tea-party" (1773). 

17. How was it punished by the English Government ? 

By the passage of a bill called the Boston Port Bill, 
which forbade the landing of any cargoes in that port. 



110 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 

i8. What followed ? 

By coninion consent it was ordered tliat a congress 
of delegates should meet at Philadelphia in the follow- 
ing September. Accordingly, the first Continental 
Congress assembled in that city on the fifth of Sep- 
tember (1774). Every colony except Georgia was 
represented. 

19. What action did Congress take ? 

It put forth a Declaration of Rights, and addressed 
a petition to the king of England (George III), It 
also addressed a petition to the people of England, 
declaring that union with them was the pride and 
glory of the colonies, but that they would be hewers 
of wood and drawers of water for no nation in the 
world. 

20. What was then begun throughout the colonies ? 

Active preparations for war, which now seemed im- 
minent. A committee of safety was appointed, to call 
the citizens together whenever circumstances required 
it. Military stores were collected at different points, 
and regiments were formed and drilled, under old sol- 
diers who had fought in the French and Indian War. 
The men comprising these regiments were called 
"Minute Men," because they were to be ready at a 
"minute's warning." 

21. Relate an incident which took place about this time 
in Boston. 

The British soldiers in that city had repeatedly de- 
stroyed the snow-slides made by the Boston boys for 
their sleds. They appealed in vain to the captain of 



THE REVOLUTION. Ill 

the troops for redress ; and finally went to the British 
general and complained. '' What/' said the latter, 
• ' have your fathers been teaching you rebellion, and 
sent you here to exhibit it ? " 

"Nobody sent us, sir," answered one of the boys. 
" We have never insulted nor injured your troops, but 
they have spoiled our snow-slides, so that we cannot 
use them any more. Yesterday our slides were de- 
stroyed once more, and we Avill bear it no longer." 

22. What answer did the English general make ? 
"You may go, my brave boys, and, be assured, if 

my troops trouble you again, they shall be punished." 
The general told this incident to Governor Gage, who 
answered that it was impossible to drive the notion of 
liberty out of the people, as it was rooted in them 
from childhood. 

23. HoTV did the first blood come to be shed in the Revo- 
lution ? 

General Gage, the royal governor of Massachusetts, 
employed sj)ies to find out where the military stores of 
the Americans were deposited, and ascertained that it 
was at Concord. 

24. What were the Americans doing meanwhile ? 
Keeping a close watch upon the movements of tho 

British troops, lest they should capture these stores. 
It was agreed that if any large force of the British 
were preparing to go out of Boston at night, a lantern 
should be hung in the steeple of the Old North 
Church, to warn the people in Charlestown of the 
fact. 



112 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 

25. Continue. 

A watch was kept in Charlestown for this lantern, 
and on the night of April 18th, 1775, its light was 
s?en gleaming from the steeple. In a few moments. 




THE BIGNAL LANTERN. 



mounted messengers were galloping in all directions, 
to rouse the people. 

26. What was the result ? 

The Britisli force had not gone far on their way 



THE EEVOLUTION. 113 

to Concord, when they heard the bells of the country 
towns begin to ring, and knew the alarm had been 
given. The commanding officer sent back to Boston 
for more troops and dispatched Major Pitcairn {pit- 
kdrn) forward to secure the two bridges in Concord. 

27. What did Pitcairn find when he arrived at Lexing- 
ton ? 

Sixty or seventy of the Minute Men, commanded by 
Captain Parker, drawn up on the Green. "Ye vil- 
lains ! ye rebels ! disperse ! " called out Pitcairn. 
" Why don't ye lay down your arms ? " 

28. What did Parker say to his men ? 

''Don't fire unless you are fired on; but if they 
want a war, let it begin here ! " 

29. Continue. 

Pitcairn discharged his pistol at the little band, and 
then a volley from his soldiers followed, and seven 
Americans fell. This was the first blood shed in the 
American Revolution, April 19th, 1775. 

30. What did the Americans then do ? 

They gave way, and the British resumed their 
march to Concord. Most of the military stores had 
been removed to the woods, but whatever was left 
they destroyed, and then returned to Boston, harassed 
all the way by a deadly fire from the Americans. 

SUMMARY. 

I. The expenses which the French and Indian War had 
caused England were made an excuse to tax the colonies. This 
the colonies did not object to, provided that they were permitted 
to be represented in the English Parliament. 



114 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 

II. But England refused to allow them to send representa- 
tives to Parliament, and declared that it was her right to tax 
the colonies. This roused angry feelings, and the phrase, "No 
taxation without representation," came into vogue in America. 

III. In 1765, England passed the Stamp Act, by which every 
legal document used in the colonies was required to bear a 
stamp, which cost about ten cents, and could be procured from 
the agents of the English Government alone. 

IV. The passage of this act called forth such opposition in 
the colonies, that, after a year, it was repealed. But shortly 
after, another act was passed imposing a tax on tea, glass. 
painters' colors, and other articles. The colonies showed equally 
bitter opposition to these acts, so that all were repealed except 
that on tea. 

V. Parliament persisted, and the first American Congress 
was convened at Philadelphia in 1774. As yet there was no 
idea of separating from England. Congi'ess drew up a Decla- 
ration of Rights, and presented a petition to the king of Eng- 
land. It presented another to the English people, declaring 
that they deemed union with them a great glory and happiness, 
but that they would be hewers of wood and drawers of water 
for no nation in the world. 

VI. Relations between the colonies and the mother country 
became more and more strained, and, at last, on the nineteenth 
day of April, 1775, the first blood was shed in the Revolution, 
.upon Lexington Green. 



THE REVOLUTION. 



115 



LESSON V. 

THE REVOLUTION (Continued). 



Green Mountain Boys. The 

name came from Vermont, 
which is formed of two 
French words, meaning 
"Green Mountain." New 
York having laid claim to 
the territory now comprised 
in the State of Vermont, in- 
sisted npon the settlers in 
that region either re-pur- 
chasing their lands from 
New York or losing them. 
The Vermonters refused to 
do either, and formed them- 



selves into a force called the 
Green Mountain Boys, under 
Ethan Allen. The dispute 
was ended by the Revolution, 
in which the Green Mountain 
Boys took a prominent part. 
Ti-con-de-ro'ga. A village 
situated at the outlet of 
Lake George into Lake 
Champlain, in the State of 
New York. The ruins of 
the old fort of the same 
name lie two or three miles 
south of it. 



1. How did the affair at Lexington impress the colo- 
nists ? 

They felt that the war had begun in earnest, and 
soon twenty thousand of them encamped around Bos- 
ton, and kept the British army shut up within that 
city. 

2, Describe this army. 

It was composed of little armies from different colo- 
nies ; each independent of the other, and totally 
ignorant of military discipline. Most of the regi- 
ments had no uniform ; the men wore their old coats, 
or were in their shirt-sleeves, and many of them were 
armed only with fowling-pieces. 



116 EIGHTEENTH CENTUEY. 

3. What occurred on May 10, 1775? 

Ethan Allen, at the head of the " Green Mountain 
Boys," captured the fortress of Ticonderoga, on the 
"western shore of Lake Champlain, from the British. 

4. What else occurred upon the same day ? 

The second Continental Congress met at Philadel- 
phia. During its session George Washington was 
appointed commander-in-chief of the American forces. 

5. What occasioned the next encounter between the 
English and Americans ? 

There were two hills on the northwest side of Bos- 
ton, which both sides were anxious to get possession 
of — Breed's Hill and Bunker Hill. The Americans 
found out that the English were about to extend their 
lines and include Bunker Hill, so they determined to 
be beforehand with them and secure it. 

6. What did they do ? 

They sent Colonel Prescott with a force of one thou- 
sand men to take possession of it and erect fortifica- 
tions upon it (June 16, 1775). 

7. Continue. 

Prescott and his men set out, but passed by Bunker 
Hill in the darkness and ascended Breed's Hill, an 
eminence much nearer Boston. Here, as they toiled 
all night erecting earthworks, they could plainly hear 
the sentinels upon the British men-of-war calling out, 
at intervals, "All's well !" 

8. What took place in the morning ? 

As soon as the fortifications were discovered by the 
British commanders, they at once led their troops to 



THE REVOLUTION. 117 

attack the Americans. The latter were weary from 
their toil of the night, were without food or water, 
and possessed but little ammunition. Yet they calmly 
awaited the onslaught of the veteran British regi- 
ments and drove them back twice with heavy loss. 

9. How did it end ? 

Upon the third advance of the British the Amer- 
icans were obliged to retreat, on account of their lack 
of ammunition. Their loss Avas 450 in killed and 
wounded, while that of the British amounted to 1,054. 

10. By Twhat name is this encounter know^n ? 

Although fought on Breed's Hill, it is known as the 
Battle of Bunker Hill (June 17, 1775). A monument 
marks the spot. 

11. What great American fell at Bunker Hill ? 

General Joseph Warren, an eminent physician and 
patriot. AVhen the British General Howe heard of 
his death, he said that it was equal to the loss of five 
hundred men to the Americans. 

12. Who arrived in Massachusetts a fevr weeks after the 
Battle of Bunker Hill ? 

George AVashington, and the day after his arrival 
he stood beneath a great elm tree in Cambridge (still 
known as the AVashington Elm) and took command 
of the American Army (July 3, 1775). 

13. What did Washington think of his army ? 

To quote his own words, he saw before him a mixed 
"multitude of people, with very little discipline, 
order, or government." In spite of this, however, 



THE EEVOLUTION. 119 

the great soldier did not permit himself to become 
discouraged, but jDroceeded to organize them into an 
army. 

14. What else occurred during the month of July ? 

Congress published a statement of its reasons fo. 
taking up arms ; and Georgia, which had hitherto 
taken no part in the movement, united with her sister 
colonies and sent delegates to Congress. 

15. What was attempted in November ? 

Congress ordered Generals Schuyler and Montgom- 
ery to invade Canada, but owing to the protracted ill- 
ness of Schuyler, Montgomery, a brave and talented 
young Irishman, assumed sole command of the expe- 
dition. 

16. Did he succeed? 

He cajitured Montreal, and then advanced updn 
Quebec, which he attacked under cover of a heavy 
snow-storm (December 31, 1775). But while scaling 
the walls, Montgomery was killed, and the disheart- 
ened troops retreated. A few months later the Amer- 
icans were obliged to retreat from Canada, and the 
British recovered it. 

17. Whom did Congress send to Canada in March, 1776 ? 

Three commissioners, Benjamin Franklin, Samuel 
Chase, and Charles Carroll of Carrollton, to invite the 
Canadians to join the united colonies. The embassy 
failed ; partly on account of some bitterly anti-Cath- 
olic expressions used by Congress in its address to the 
British people. 



130 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 

i8. What did Washington accomplish in the spring of 
1776? 

By erecting a battery on Dorchester Heights, on the 
south of Boston, he forced the British to evacuate that 
city (March 17, 1776). Nearly twelve hundred Tories 
(as Americans who sided with the English king were 
called) went with them to Halifax. 

19. What course did the British Government now pursue ? 

It resolved to subdue the colonies at any cost. All 
trade and intercourse with them was forbidden, and 
sixteen thousand Hessians (or Germans) were procured 
for the army at a price of thirty-six dollars for each 
soldier. 

20. What occurred in June, 1776? 

An English fleet appeared off Charleston, South 
Carolina, whereujion the Americans hastily erected a 
f&rt of palmetto logs and earth on Sullivan's Island, in 
the harbor, and Colonel Moultrie, with 500 men, Avas 
placed in command of it. 

21. Continue. 

The British opened a heavy fire upon Fort Sullivan 
(which was afterwards called Fort Moultrie), but the 
encounter ended in a splendid victory for the Amer- 
icans. 

22. What brave deed did an American soldier perform 
during this engagement ? 

Early in the action, the flag which waved over the 
palmetto fort was cut down by a cannon-ball and fell 
upon the beach, whereupon Sergeant Jasper at once 
sprang over the breastwork, recovered the flag, and 



THE REVOLUTION. 121 

securing it to a staff, set it up once more, amid a 
shower of balls from the enemy. 

23. What now began to be felt throughout the colonies ? 

Up to this time the colonies had been in arms for 
their rights as British subjects, but now a desire for 
independence began to be felt, which grew stronger 
and stronger. 

24. With what result ? 

On the 7th of June, 1776, Richard Henry Lee, of 
Virginia, expressed the desire of the people, by moving 
in Congress ''that these United Colonies are and of 
right ought to be Free and Independent States." 

25. Who was appointed to write the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence ? 

Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia. 

26. When "was the Declaration of Independence adopted 
by Congress ? 

At two o'clock on the 4th of July, 1776. The thir- 
teen colonies were declared to be Free, Sovereign 
AND Independent States, and all connection with 
Great Britain was dissolved. 

27. Who signed the Declaration of Independence? 

Fifty-six delegates, from the thirteen colonies. 
The name of John Hancock, of Massachusetts, as 
President of Congress, headed the list. 

28. What did John Hancock observe after he had signed ? 

'•' We must be unanimous ; there must be no pulling 
different ways ; we must all hang together.'' 



122 EIGHTEENTH CENTUEY. 

29. And what witty answer did Benjamin Franklin make 
to this ? 

" Yes/^ said Franklin, " we must all hang together, 
or else we shall all hang separately." 

30. What did Franklin remark when Charles Carroll of 
Carrollton signed his name ? 

" There go millions ! " 

31. How w^as the news of the Declaration of Independ- 
ence received by the people ? 

With the greatest joy. 

SUMMARY. 

I. After the battle of Lexington, it was felt that the war had 
begun in earnest. An army of twenty thousand men, undisci- 
plined and ill-armed, but resolved to drive out the foe, en- 
camped about Boston. 

II. In May, 1775, Ethan Allen, at the head of his Green 
Mountain Boys, captured the fortress of Ticonderoga. The 
same day, the second Continental Congress met at Philadelphia 
and appointed George Washington commander-in-chief of the 
American forces. 

III. The next encounter which took place between the British 
and Americans was the Battle of Bunker Hill (June 17, 1775). 
The Americans were obliged, through lack of ammunition, to 
retreat before the enemy, but proved that they ^ere able to 
withstand the attack of veteran English soldiers. 

IV. An expedition led by Montgomery, a brave young Irish- 
man, against Canada, resulted in failure and his death. In the 
spring of 1776, however, the Americans were encouraged by 
the success of Washington in driving the British from Boston. 

V. England now determined to conquer the colonies at any 
cost, and secured the services of sixteen thousand Hessian or 
German soldiers. 



THE REVOLUTION". 



123 



VI. In June of 1776, the English attacked Charleston, but 
were defeated. Up to this time, the colonies had taken up arms 
to secure their rights as British subjects, but they now began to 
feel a growing desire for independence, until on the 4th of July, 
1776, the Declaration of Independence was adopted by Congress, 
and all connection between Great Britain and the colonies dis- 
solved forever. 



LESSON VI. 

THE REVOLUTION (Continued). 



Trenton. The capital of New 
Jersey, situated on the left 
bank of the Delaware River, 
30 miles northeast of Phila- 
delphia. In 1881 His Holi- 
ness made it a bishopric. 

Princeton. A town in New 
Jersey, 11 miles northeast of 
Trenton. 

Bennington. A town in the 
southeastern portion of Ver- 
mont, 37 miles east of Al- 
bany. 

Stillwater. A village in Sara- 



toga County, N. Y., 24 miles 
above Albany. 

Monmouth (mon-muth). A 
central county of New Jer- 
sey. The battle was fought 
at the town of Freehold. 

Savannah. The leading com- 
mercial city of Georgia ; sit- 
uated on the right bank of 
the Savannah River. It con- 
tains a monument "to Greene 
and Pulaski." General 

Greene was one of the great- 
est heroes of the Revolution. 



1. What did Washington do after taking Boston from 
the British .? 

Foreseeing that an attack would soon be made on 
New York, he proceeded to that city, leaving a garri- 
son in Boston. 

2. What followed ? 

General Howe, the British commander also pro- 



124 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 

ceeded to New York, where he was met by large re- 
inforcements. 

3. What was fought on August 27th, 1776 ? 

The Battle of Long Island. The engagement began 
upon hills now contained within Greenwood Cemetery. 
It resulted in a total defeat of the Americans, and 
Washington was obliged to retreat from Long Island. 

4. What did Captain Nathan Hale undertake and what 
was his fate ? 

Washington was very anxious to obtain information 
of the enemy's intentions ; so Captain Nathan Hale, 
of Connecticut, volunteered to enter the British camp 
as a spy. . He did so, and learned what he desired to 
know, but, on the way back, was recognized, arrested, 
and executed. His last words were : "I only regret 
that I have but one life to lose for my country." 

5. What was the state of affairs in November ? 

The British had taken New York, and Washington 
was retreating through New Jersey into Pennsylvania, 
with a disheartened, half-clad army, which had been 
greatly reduced in numbers. 

6. How did Washington revive the confidence of the 
Americans at this critical moment ? 

There were were one thousand Hessian troops quar- 
tered at Trenton. Washington knew that, according 
to German custom, these would spend Christmas day 
in revelry, and sleep soundly during the following 
night. So, on Christmas night (1776), which proved 
starless and stormy, he recrossed the Delaware, sur- 



126 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 

prised the Hessians in the morning, and took them all 
prisoners. 

7. What battle did Washington gain shortly after this ? 

The Battle of Princeton (January 3, 1777). 

8. What European nation secretly aided the Americans 
at this time P 

France, always hostile to England. During the 
winter she sent out 1,000 barrels of powder and 10,000 
muskets. 

9. What French nobleman fitted out a vessel and joined 
the Americans in July, 1777? 

The Marquis de La Fayette {mar-hwis du lah fa-et'), 
in company with Baron de Kalb and ten or twelve 
other foreign military officers. La Fayette received 
the commission of major-general from Congress, and 
became an intimate friend of Washington. 

ID. What British general entered the States from Can- 
ada in 1777 ? 

General Burgoyne, with a splendid army. He 
passed along the western shore of Lake Champlain 
and captured Fort Ticonderoga, and Port Edward on 
the upper Hudson. 

11. What occurred at Bennington? 

Hearing that there was a large collection of military 
stores in that town, Burgoyne sent a force to capture 
it. They were met by General Stark, with a force of 
New Hampshire militia. 

12. What is General Stark reported to have said to his 
men before going into action ? 



THE REVOLUTION. 127 

"Men ! There are the red-coats. Before night we 
must conquer them, or Mollie Stark is a widow." 
Fortunately, the Americans triumphed. 

13. What encounters followed ? 

Two battles at Stillwater ; shortly after which. Gen- 
eral Burgoyne, with his entire army, surrendered to 
General Gates (October 17, 1777). 

14. What can you say of this event ? 

It was of the greatest importance to the Americans, 
and proved to be the turning-point of the Eevolution. 
It encouraged the American soldiers, and induced 
France to conclude a treaty of alliance with the 
United States and promise substantial aid. 

15. Meanwhile how had it fared with Washington in the 
south ? 

Learning that Howe was about to attack Philadel- 
phia, Washington set out to meet him, but was de- 
feated at Brandywine Creek, near Wilmington, Dela- 
ware, and also at Germantown, now a part of the city 
of Philadelphia (October, 1777). Cold weather then 
set in, and A¥ashington led his troops into winter 
quarters at Valley Forge, twenty miles north of Phila- 
delphia. 

16. Describe the situation of the army at Valley Forge. 

During the dreary winter of 1777 — 78, the situation 
of the American troops was most deplorable. Food 
and clothing, even shoes, Avere lacking, and the suffer- 
ings of both officers and men were terrible. 



138 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 

17. What event cheered them amid these sufferings ? 
The recognition by France of the Independence of 

the United States (February, 1778). 

18. What took place in the spring? 

The English, learning of the arrival of French 
troops, and afraid of being shut up in Philadelphia, 
evacuated that city, and retreated across New Jersey, 
followed by Washington. 

19. Where did he engage the enemy ? 

At Monmouth. A long action followed, resulting 
in victory for the Americans (June, 1778). 

20. Relate an incident which took place at the Battle of 
Monmouth. 

An American artillery-man, named Pitcher, was 
killed. His wife, Mary, was carrying water to him 
from a spring, when she saw him fall ; whereupon she 
at once took his place and retained it during the day. 
In reward for her heroism, Washington appointed her 
a sergeant in the army, and Congress gave her half- 
pay for life. She was ever afterwards known as 
" Captain Mollie.'' 

21. What arrived in July, 1778 ? 

A French fleet, under Count D'Estaing {des-tang'), 
made its appearance in Delaware Bay. 

22. What was now proposed ? 

For the French to besiege the English at Newport 
by sea, while General Sullivan did so by land. Ac- 
cordingly, the French fleet sailed for that harbor, and 
encountered the British fleet, but a terrific storm sep- 



THE REVOLUTION. 129 

arated the two, and D'Estaing was obliged to go to 
Boston to refit his vessels. 

23. What was General Sullivan obliged to do ? 

Thus deserted, he had no choice but to effect a 
retreat. 

24. What shocking event occurred in July, 1778 ? 

The Massacre of Wy-o'-raing, a settlement in the 
Valley of the Susquehanna. It was entered by a 
band of Iroquois Indians, and Englishmen disguised 
as savages. They found the settlement almost de- 
fenceless, for the men were with the army. 

25. What followed ? 

The few men who were at home made a gallant de- 
fence, but were soon overpowered and slain, along 
with the women and children. The homes of the set- 
tlers were destroyed, and beautiful Wyoming made 
desolate. 

26. What city was taken by the British in December, 
1778? 

Savannah. 

27. What brilliant success at the north counterbalanced 
this? 

The capture, by General Anthony Wayne, of Stony 
Point, a fortified elevation on the right bank of the 
Hudson Eiver, about forty miles from New York (July 
15, 1779). This was one of the most brilliant achieve- 
ments of the war, and Congress had a gold medal 
struck in honor of it. 



130 



EIGHTEENTH CENTUEY. 



28. How did the Americans obtain entrance to the fort ? 

By obtaining the countersign from a negro who sold 
strawberries to the garrison. Every dog in the neigh- 
borhood had been killed, and they approached it 




GENERAL WATNB. 



towards midnight, in utter silence. Dividing them- 
selves into two parties, they attacked it at both sides 
at once, and carried it at the point of the bayonet. 

29. What did the Americans do in the south in the fol- 
lo'wing September? 

Aided by the French, they attempted to recapture 
Savannah, but were repulsed with heavy loss. 



THE REVOLUTION. 131 

30. Who were among those that fell ? 

Pulaski, a Polish nobleman, who had come to help 
the Americans in their struggle for freedom. He had 
been placed in command of an independent corps, 
called Pulaski's Legion. Sergeant Jasper, the hero of 
Fort Moultrie, also fell in this engagement. 

31. What had Congress voted in 1777? 

"That the flag of the thirteen United States be 
thirteen stripes, alternate red and white, and the 
union be thirteen white stars in a blue field." This 
is the flag which waves through our land to-day, save 
that for every State added to the Union a new star 
has been placed on the flag ; while the strijies still 
remain thirteen, in honor of the old thirteen colonies, 
that won their freedom. 

32. Who was the first to raise this flag on an American 
ship-of-war ? 

Captain Paul Jones, who afterwards became famous 
for his naval exploits. 

33. Mention one of the chief of these. 

In September (1779), when in command of a small 
squadron fitted out in France, he gained an important 
victory over the English frigate Serapis, off the coast 
of Scotland. 

34. What was his reward ? 

Louis XVI. bestowed upon him the Order of Merit, 
and Congress gave him a vote of thanks and presented 
him with a gold medal. 



133 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 

SUMMARY, 

I. Having garrisoned Boston, Washington proceeded to New 
York, but was defeated in the Battle of Long Island, and 
obliged to retreat to New York, and from thence through New 
Jersey into Pennsylvania. But returning on his course, he sur- 
prised the Hessians at Trenton on December 26, 1777, and 
gained a complete victory. 

II. During the summer of 1777, Burgoyne entered the United 
States from Canada, and took Forts Ticonderoga and Edward, 
but, defeated at Bennington, and twice at Stillwater, surren- 
dered with his whole army to General Gates (October, 1777). 

III. In the summer of this year, Lafayette and several other 
foreign officers joined the Americans. 

IV. After being defeated at Bi'andywine and Germantown, 
Washington went into winter quarters at Valley Forge. A sea- 
son of extreme suffering followed, cheered only by the news that 
France had recognized the Independence of the United States 
(February, 1778). In the spring, a victory was gained at Mon- 
mouth by the Americans, and a French fleet arrived. 

V. In December (1778) the city of Savannah was taken by 
the British. An offset to this, in the north, was the capture of 
Stony Point, on the Hudson River, by General Anthony Wayne, 
one of the most brilliant achievements of the war (July, 1779). 
In September an important naval victory was gained by Paul 
Jones, off the coast of Scotland. 

VI. In September (1779) the Americans attempted to re- 
capture Savannah, but were defeated. Among the slain were 
Pulaski, a Polish noble, who had espoused the American cause, 
and Sergeant Jasper, the hero of Fort Moultrie. 



THE EEVOLUTION. 



133 



LESSON VII, 



THE REVOLUTI 

Newport. One of the capitals 
of Rhode Island, and a cele- 
brated summer resort. It is 
situated on Rhode Island, in 
Narragansett Bay. 

West Point. Situated on the 
right bank of the Hudson 
River, 53 miles north of the 
city of New York. It is now 
the site of the United States 
Military Academy. 

Eutaw Spring. This is a small 
stream which flows into the 
Santee River, South Caro- 
lina. 



ON (Concluded). 

Yorktown. Situated on the 
right bank of the York 
River, Virginia, 11 miles 
from its mouth. 

Annapolis. The capital of 
Maryland, situated on the 
Severn River, near Chesa- 
peake Bay. It is the seat of 
the United States Naval 
Academy. 

Charleston. The largest city 
and chief seaport of South 
Carolina, situated on a pro- 
jection of land between the 
Ashley and Cooper Rivers. 



1. What occurred in May, 1780? 

The city of Cliarleston was captured by the British, 
who then proceeded to subjugate the whole of South 
Carolina. 

2. What occurred in the following July ? 

A French fleet and land force, comprising in all six 
thousand men, arrived at Newport, Rhode Island. 

3. Who commanded the land force ? 

The Count de Eochambeau {ro' sham' ho), who placed 
himself entirely under the command of Washington. 

4. What base act was committed by General Arnold 
during this year ? 

He entered into negotiations with the British, and 



134 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 

offered to betray West Point, the guardian fortress of 
the Hudson River, into their hands, for the sum of 
about fifty thousand dollars, and the commission of a 
brigadier-general in the British army. 

5. What British officer came within the American lines 
to conclude the bargain with Arnold ? 

Major John Andre, to whom Arnold gave a plan of 
the fortress, and a statement of its condition. Andre 
then set off to New York, but in the neighborhood of 
Tarrytown, almost in sight of the British lines, he 
met three men whom he thought were British soldiers 
and accosted as such. 

6. Who were they ? 

Three American soldiers, who at once arrested An- 
dre, searched him, and found the treasonable papers. 

7. What was the fate of Andre ? 

He was hanged as a spy. Arnold made his escape 
to the British, and received the price of his treason, 
but Avas treated Avith universal contempt to the end of 
his life. 

8. How did the campaign in the Carolinas proceed ? 

With varying success, until at length General Greene 
defeated the British in the Battle of Eutaw Springs 
(September, 1781). This closed the campaign in the 
Carolinas. 

9. Meanwhile what was happening in Virginia ? 

A strong army under Cornwallis was ravaging the 
country. 



THE REVOLUTION". 



135 



10. What did Cornwallis do in the early autumn ? 

He collected his forces and intrenched himself at 
\'orktown, Virginia. 

11. What was now agreed between Washington and the 
French commander ? 

To attack Cornwallis in his stronghold. Accord- 
i ugly, Washington, 
carefully concealing 
his design from the 
enemy, withdrew his 
army from the Hud- 
son, and marched rap- 
idly to Virginia. The 
French army, under 
Rochambeau, accom- 
panied him. 

12. What followed ? 
An attack upon 

Yorktown by the ailied 
armies. A siege of ten days followed, after which Lord 
Cornwallis and his entire army surrendered to Wash- 
ington (October 19, 1781). This great event termi- 
nated the Revolutionary Wai\ 

13. How was the news received at Philadelphia? 

At two o'clock A. M. of the following morning, the 
people in that city were aroused by the watchman's 
cry: "Past two o'clock, and Cornwallis is taken." 
Many of them rushed into the street, embraced one 
another, and wept for joy ; and one old man, the door- 
keeper of Congress, expired of excessive joy. 




ROCHAMBEAU. 



136 EIGHTEENTH CENTUEY. 

14. What did Congress do ? 

It voted the liighest honors to all who had aided in 
gaining this important victory, and recommended a 
day of thanksgiving to be observed throughout tlie 
States. 

15. Where did the victorious generals attend a solemn 
Mass of Thanksgiving ? 

In St. Joseph's Church, Philadelphia. 

16. Whatvyas concluded in September, 1783? 

The Treaty of Paris, by which England recognized 
the independence of the United States, which thence- 
forth were counted one of the nations of the earth. 

17. What took place on November 3, 1783 ? 

The American army was disbanded, and General 
Washington said farewell to his soldiers. 

18. When did the British evacuate the city of New 
York? 

On November 25, 1783, after whi'Ch General "\V::sh- 
ington, accompanied by Governor Clinton, entered it 
in triumph, and the Stars and Stripes were soon wav- 
ing where the English flag had floated for so many 
years. 

19. What did Washington now do ? 

After bidding an affectionate farewell to his brother 
officers, he set out for Annapolis, where Congress was 
then sitting, and after resigning his command to that 
body, set out for his beloved Mount Vernon, on the 
Potomac Kiver, there to pass, as he thought, the re- 
mainder of his life in well-earned repose. 



THE KEVOLUTION". 



137 



20. What summoned Washington from this retirement ? 

In 1787, he was chosen as president of a National 
Convention, which assembled at Philadelphia, for the 
purpose of framing a Constitution for the United 

States. 

21. Who was elect- 
ed first President of 
the United States ? 

George Washing- 
ton (1789), 

22. Who was elect- 
ed Vice-President ? 

John Adams of 
Massachusetts. 

23. What city was 
the seat of government 
at this time ? 

New Ycrk. Dur- 
ing Washington's ad- 
ministration, it was 
removed to Philadelphia. 

24. What were the principal events during Washington's 
administration ? 

The Indians who had ravaged the western frontier 
were effectually checked by General Wayne, and signed 
a treaty of peace ; and three new States were admitted 
into the Union : Vermont (March, 1791), Kentucky 
(February, 1792), and Tennessee (June, 1796). 

25. What important invention was made during Wash- 
ington's administration ? 




GEORGE WASHINGTON. 



138 



EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 



Eli Whitney's cotton gin, by means of wJiich the 
seed of the cotton-plant was separated from the fibre. 
Up to that time it had to be done by hand, and it 
took a whole day to gin a pound. As soon as Whit- 
ney's invention was 
perfected, the culti- 
vation of cotton in- 
creased enormously 
and American cotton 
supplied the world. 

26. How long did 
Washington remain in 
office? 

Eight years, or 
two terms. He then 
declined a third 
term, and retired to 
his loved Mount Ver- 
non. He was suc- 
ceeded in office by 
John Adams. 

COTTON PLANT. 

27. What mournful 
event occurred at the close of the i8th century ? 

The death of Washington, which took place in De- 
cember, 1799, in the sixty-eighth year of his age. 
His remains were placed in the family- vault at Mount 
Vernon, where they still rest. 

28. Describe his character. 

He was one of the purest patriots that ever lived. 
With complete disinterestedness, he devoted himself 




THE REVOLUTION". 139 

to liis country, and by his prudence, unerring judg- 
ment, and unfailing patience, achieved her independ- 
ence. At his death the nation was plunged in grief, 
and the House of Representatives pronounced him 
"first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of 
his countrymen." • 

SUMMARY. 

I. The city of Charleston was captured, in 1780, by the Brit- 
ish, who then proceeded, under Cornwallis, to subjugate the 
Carolinas. The Americans, however, were soon cheered by the 
arrival at Newport of a French force under Rochambeau, num- 
bering six thousand men. 

II. This year (1780) was also signalized by the only act 
of treachery which stained the Revolutionary War. General 
Benedict Arnold agreed to deliver West Point, the strongest 
fortress of the Americans, to the British for the sum of about 
$50,000, and the commission of a brigadier-general in the Brit- 
ish army. Major John Andre came within the American lines 
to conclude the treasonable bargain, but was arrested, tried, 
and hanged as a spy. Arnold escaped to the British, and re- 
ceived the reward for which he had stipulated, but met with 
contempt to the close of his life. 

III. In April, 1781, Cornwallis proceeded to Virginia, leaving 
a division to defend South Carolina, over which General Greene 
gained the Battle of Eutaw Spring, in September (1781). As 
autumn approached Cornwallis fortified himself within York- 
town, Virginia. Washington withdrew his army from the Hud- 
son, marched to Virginia, accompanied by the French force 
lender Rochambeau, and, after a siege of ten days, forced Corn- 
wallis and his army to surrender. This event virtually closed 
the Revolutionary War. 

IV. The news of Cornwallis' surrender was received by the 
people with the greatest joy. A solemn Mass of Thanksgiving 



140 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 

was celebrated in St. Joseph's Churcji, Philadelphia, and was 
attended by the victorious generals. 

V. In 1787, Washington was summoned from his loved re- 
tirement at Mount Vernon, to be president of the National Con- 
vention, which met at Philadelphia, to frame the Constitution, 
under which he was chosen first President of the United States 
(April 30, 1789). The principal events of his administration 
were the suppression of Indian warfare on the western frontier, 
and the admission of three new States, Vermont, Kentucky, 
and Tennessee into the Union. 

VI. After having filled office for two terms, Washington 
declined a re-election and retired into private life. In Decem- 
ber, 1799, after a brief illness, he passed calmly away, leaving 
the nation overwhelmed with grief at his loss. His remains 
rest at Mount Vernon. 



LESSON VIII. 

CATHOLICS AND THE REVOLUTION. 



Pensaco'la. A city on the 
western coast of Florida, on 
a bay of the same name 

James Penimore Cooper. 

1789 — 1851. A great Amer- 



pioneer life and sea stories 
have never been excelled. 
Baton Rouge. A city of Lou- 
isiana, situated on the left 
bank of the Mississippi 



ican novelist. His tales of River. 

I. What may be said of Catholics during the Revolution ? 

" From the outset of the straggle Catholics did 
their part on sea and land ; in the ranks and in com- 
mand ; in the council and in Congress. Every Cath- 
olic hand, every Catholic heart within the limits of 
the United States, gave its aid to the cause." 



THE REVOLUTION. 141 

2. What treatment had Catholics been subjected to before 
the Revolution ? 

They had been proscribed, deprived of civil rights, 
and oppressed with heavy taxes ; and this after set- 
ting the first example of religious tolerance in the 
New World. 

3. What did the Revolution inaugurate ? 

A new era for Catholicism. This was probably 
owing to the fact that the alliance of a great Eoman 
Catholic power was eagerly sought for and gained by 
the Americans. 

4. What astonishing occurrence took place in New Eng- 
land on the arrival of the French ? 

After the French had landed in New England, the 
selectmen of Boston followed a crucifix through the 
streets ; a fact which excited the ridicule of the Eng- 
lish. 

5. What occurred when the French fleet arrived in Nar- 
ragansett Bay ? 

The law which excluded Catholics from civil rights 
was repealed. Later, when the French troops were in 
Philadelphia, Congress attended Mass. 

6. Mention the names of some of the Catholics who par- 
ticularly distinguished themselves during the Revolutionary 
War. 

Captain John Barry, who received the first naval 
commission issued by Congress (1775) ; Moylan, 
Washington's aid-de-camp, Burke, and Vigo. 

7. What aid did the Catholic Indians furnish ? 

In 1775, Washington wrote to the Catholic Indians 



142 



EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 



of Maine and requested their assistance. All the 
tribes from the Penobscot River to Gasp6 Bay re- 
sponded to this appeal. Ambrose Var, the chief of 
the St. John Indians, served the cause well, and the 
brave Orono, chief of the Penobscot Indians and a 
staunch Catholic, received a Continental commission, 
and fought through the war. 




JOHN BARBT. 



8. What further may be said of Orono ? 

He lived to see priests restored to his village, and 
religion flourishing. After the restoration of peace, 
a deputation of the Abenaki Indians waited upon 
Bishop Carroll and asked for a priest. Their prayer 
was granted and to this day the Abenaki Indians of 
Maine have retained their faith. 



THE KEVOLUTIOK. 143 

9. What celebrated Irishmen fought in the Revolution ? 
It is said on reliable authority ''that one-third of 

the active chiefs of the American army were of Irish 
birth or descent." Generals Montgomery, Sullivan, 
and Wayne, Colonels Fitzgerald and Butler, were 
among the most distinguished. It may be added, that 
of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, 
nine were either Irishmen or the descendants of Irish- 
men. 

10. What may be said of the navy ? 

The first blow struck on the water after the war be- 
gan, was by men of Irish descent, Jeremiah O'Brien 
and his brothers, who captured the British armed 
schooner " Margaretta," off the coast of Maine (May, 
1775), in the name of the United Colonies. Jeremiah 
O'Brien afterwards received a captain's commission in 
the Massachusetts navy. 

11. What was the " Margaretta" affair styled by Cooper? 
" The Lexington of the seas." 

12. What name did the Catholic Captain John Barry 
receive ? 

That of " The Fathee of the AMERicAisr Navy.'' 
Under this great commander were trained men who 
also achieved great distinction : Dale, Decatur, Stew- 
art, and Murray. 

13. Name some of the most distinguished of the French 
Catholics who fought in the War for American Independ- 
ence. 

De La Fayette, the Eochambeaux, father and son, 
De Lauzun, De Cliartelleaux {shar-tel-lo'},- and De 



144 EIGHTEENTH CENTUEY. 

Montmorenci {mon-md-ron-se') ; while among the 
Irish-French Avho accompanied these, were Counts 
Dillon, Roche-Fermoy, McMahon, and Dugan. 

14. What did Washington say in his answer to the ad- 
dress of the Roman Catholics after the Revolution ? 

" I presume that your fellow-citizens will not forget 
the patriotic part which yon took in the accomplish- 
ment of the Revolution and the establishment of their 
government, or the important assistance they received 
from a nation in which the Roman Catholic faith is 
professed." 

15. What aid did Spain afford the United States ? 

Spain, another great Catholic power, sent two hun- 
dred thousand dollars to the struggling patriot army. 
Later, she sent out cargoes of supplies, and placed at 
the disposal of the United States, ammunition and 
supplies at New Orleans. 

16. What more did Spain do when an American envoy 
went to Madrid ? 

She sent blankets for ten regiments, and made a 
gift of $150,000 through him. 

17. What aid did Count de Galvez, the Spanish Governor 
of Louisiana, afford us ? 

As soon as he had been made governor, he at once 
tendered his aid to us; forwarded the clothing and 
military stores in New Orleans ; and when the Eng- 
lish seized an American schooner on the Louisiana 
lakes, he confiscated all English vessels in reprisal. 

18. Continue. 

Later on, Spain declared war against England, 



THE REVOLUTION. 145 

whereupon Galvez took Baton Rouge ; and then, with 
the assistance of a Spanish fleet, laid siege to the 
ancient town of Pensacola. The British Governor, 
Campbell, resisted bravely, but in vain ; Pensacola 
fell, and British power on our southern frontier was 
crushed. 

19. Who was the first regularly settled priest in the city 
of New York ? 

Father Charles Whelan, an Irish Franciscan, who 
had been chaplain on board the French fleet. His 
congregation assembled in a loft over a carj^enter's 
shop in Barclay Street, until St. Peter's Church was 
built, in the same street, a few years later. In Bos- 
ton, the Catholics were permitted the use of a school- 
house on School Street. 

20. What important event occurred in 1789 ? 

His Holiness Pope Pius VI. created Baltimore an 
Episcopal See, and appointed as its first Bishop Rev. 
John Carroll, S. J., who was consecrated August 15, 
1790. His diocese comprised the entire United 
States. 

21. What did the French Revolution confer upon the 
United States? 

A great spiritual benefit. Between 1791 and 1799, 
twenty-three French priests, whom that event had 
driven from their native land, found a refuge in this 
country, where the harvest was great and the laborers 
few. Six of these French joriests became bishops. 

22. What took place upon Christmas Eve, 1799 ? 

The first Mass ever celebrated in the region of the 



146 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 

Alleghanies, was offered by Father Demetrius Gallit- 
zin, a Russian Prince, who had devoted himself to a 
missionary career in the United States. He estab- 
lished the village of Loretto in Western Pennsylvani;i. 

23. What was the condition of Catholicism in the United 
States at the close of the i8th century ? 

The Catholics had increased to fifty thousand, and 
the priests numbered between forty and fifty. 

24. What took place in California during the i8th cen- 
tury ? 

In the year 1769, a band of Spanish Franciscans, 
led by Father Junipero Serra, penetrated thither and 
began to establish missions. By the year 1822, twen- 
ty-one had been erected at various points along the 
Pacific coast. 

25. Name the principal missions ? 

San Diego, Monterey, San Francisco, Los Angeles, 
and Santa Barbara. At one time, these missions shel- 
tered 75,000 Christian Indians, leading peaceful and 
industrious lives. 

SUMMARY. 

I. Through oiit the Revolution, the Catholics were conspicu- 
ous for their patriotism. Many achieved distinction, in Con- 
gress and in council ; in the field and on the sea ; while two 
great Catholic powers, France and Spain, lent substantial aid. 

II. The Revolution inaugurated a new era for Catholicism in 
our country. During its last year, the Catholics of New York 
were permitted the use of a loft over a carpenter's shop in Bar- 
clay Street, while the Boston Catholics assembled in a school- 
house on School Street. 



THE KEVOLUTIOK. 147 

III. In 1790, Rev, J. Carroll, S. J., cousin of one of the sign- 
ers of the Declaration of Independence, was consecrated Bishop 
of Baltimore. His diocese comprised the United States. 

IV. During the 18th century, a band of Spanish Franciscans 
colonized California. They erected twenty-one missions at vari- 
ous points along the Pacific coast, which at one period sheltered 
75,000 Christian Indians, leading peaceful, industrious lives. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 

1700. — Law passed in New York against Catholic priests. 
Mobile settled by the French. 

1702. — Queen Anne's War begins. 

1703. — Governor Moore of South Carolina attacks St. Augus- 
tine and fails ; destroys the Indian missions in 
Florida. 

1710. — Capture of Port Royal by the colonial troops. 

1711.— Great expedition sent by England against Canada. 

1713.— Peace of Utrecht. 

1724.— Death of Father Rasle. 

1731. — Crown Point erected. 

1733. — Georgia settled. 

1739. — Expedition of Oglethorpe against St. Augustine. 

1741. — " Negro Plot " excitement in New York. 

1742. — Spaniards invade Florida, 

1744. — King George's War begun, 

1745. — Capture of Louisburg by the English. 

1748. — Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. 

1753. — Washington sent by Governor Dinwiddle to the 
French. 

1754. — Fort Necessity taken by the French. 

1755. — Braddock arrives in America ; is defeated and slain. 
Acadians driven from Nova Scotia. 

1759. — Surrender of Quebec. 

1763.— Peace of Paris. 

1765. — Passage of the Stamp Act. 



148 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 

1766.— Repeal of the Stamp Act. 

1767. — Tax placed upon tea and other articles. 

1769. — Franciscan Missions established in Upper California. 

1770. — All duties, save that on tea, repealed. 

1773. — Tea thrown into Boston Harbor. 

1774. — Bill passed closing the Port of Boston. First Ameri- 
can Congress meets in Philadelphia. 

1775. — First blood shed in the Revolution at Lexington ; 
Battle of Bunker Hill ; Invasion of Canada ; Wash- 
ington takes command of the army. 

1776. — Embassy to Canada fails ; Boston evacuated by the 
British ; Attack on Fort Moultrie repulsed ; Decla- 
ration of Independence ; Battles of Ijong Island 
and Trenton. 

1777. — Battles of Princeton, Bennington, Brandywine, Still- 
water, and Germantown ; Arrival of La Fayette ; 
Surrender of Burgoyne ; Washington encamps at 
Valley Forge. 

1778.— British evacuate Philadelphia ; Battle of Monmouth ; 
American Independence recognized by France ; Ar- 
rival of French fleet ; Massacre of Wyoming ; Cap- 
ture of Savannah by the enemy. 

1779. — Capture of Stony Point by the Americans ; Great 
American naval victory won by Paul Jones ; Amer- 
icans and French repulsed at Savannah ; death of 
Pulaski. 

1780. — Surrender of Baton Rouge to Count Galvez ; Arrival 
of second French fleet ; Treason of Arnold ; Execu- 
tion of Andre. 

1781. — Battles of Eutaw Spring and Yorktown ; Surrender 
of Cornwallis ; End of the Revolution. 

1783. — Treaty of Peace signed at Paris. 

1784. — Rev. John Carroll, S. J., made Prefect Apostolic in 

the United States. 
1786.— St. Peter's Church in New York begun, 
1787. — Constitution of the United States framed. 



THE REVOLUTION. 149 

1789. — Washington elected first President of tlie United 
States ; Georgetown College founded. 

1790. — Dr. Carroll consecrated first Bishop of the United 
States. 

1791. — Vermont admitted to the Union. 

1792. — Kentucky admitted to the Union. 

1793. — First priest (Father Badin) ordained in the United 
States. 

1795. — Prince Gallitzin ordained. 

1796. —Tennessee admitted to the Union. 

1797. — John Adams inaugurated. 

1799. — First Mass offered in the Alleghanies ; Death of 
Washington. 



PART V. 



NINETEENTH CENTURY. 



LESSON I. 

FROM JEFFERSON TO BUCHANAN. 



Washington. 

magnificent 
the capital 
States. It is 
District of 
noted for 
architecture 
buildings. 
•Ghent (gent). 
of Belgium, 



"The city of 

distances," is 
of the United 

situated in the 
Columbia, and 

the beautiful 
of many of its 

A fortified city 
famous in his- 



tory. It stands on twenty- 
six islands, connected by 100 
bridges. The extent of its 
cotton manufacture has won 
for it the name of the ' ' Bel- 
gium Manchester." 
Emmettsburg. A village fifty 
miles northwest of Balti- 
more, in Frederick County, 
Maryland. 



1. What took place in the year 1800 ? 

The seat of government was removed from Phila- 
'delphia to Washington. 

2. Who succeeded John Adams as President ? 
Thomas Jefferson of Vh'ginia (1801—1809), the 

framer of the Declaration of Independence. During 
his administration Ohio was admitted into the Union, 
and a law was passed forbidding the importation of 
African slaves. 



FKOM JEFFERSOlf TO BUCHANAK. 151 

3. What else took place during his administration ? 

The purchase by the United States, for fifteen mil- 
lion dollars, from France, in 1803, of a vast and un- 
explored region extending west from the Mississippi 
River to the Eocky Mountains, called Louisiana, and 
its exploration by Lewis and Clarke, who carried the 
American flag across the continent to the Pacific 
Ocean. 

4. Repeat Napoleon's observation regarding the Louis- 
iana purchase. 

" This accession of territory strengthens forever the 
power of the United States, and I have just given to 
England a maritime rival that will, sooner or later, 
humble her pride." This prophecy was verified in the 
war of 1812. 

5. What progress did Catholicism make during Jeffer- 
son's administration ? 

The Jesuits were restored in the United States 
(1805) ;■ a Dominican monastery was founded in Ken- 
tucky (180G) ; the City of New York was erected into 
an Episcopal See (1808), and the Sisters of Charity 
were established at Emmettsburg (1809). 

6. What great invention took place during Jefferson's 
administration ? 

The invention of the steamboat by Eobert Fulton. 
His first vessel was named the " Clermont,'* and made 
the trip from New York to Albany in thirty-six 
hours. 

7. Who succeeded Jefferson as President ? 

James Madison of Virginia, who also served two 



153 



KINETEE]SrTH CENTURY. 



terms (1809 — 1817). During his first administration 
Louisiana was admitted to the Union and Congress 
declared war against Great Britain (June, 1812), 





ENGLISH BIGHT OF SEARCH. 



8. For what reason ? 

Chiefly on account of England's claiming the right 
to search American vessels and take from them such 
seamen as she pronounced to be British deserters. In 
exercise of this right the British ship "Leopard" 



FROM JEFFERSON TO BUCHANAN. 153 

took four men by force from the American frigate 
" Chesapeake " (1807). 

9. What marked the first year of the war ? 

General Hull's ignominious surrender of the whole 
of Michigan Territory at Detroit (1813). Several brill- 
iant American naval victories, however, compensated 
for this disaster. 

10. Mention some of these. 

Captain Isaac Hull (nephew of General Hull), in 
command of the frigate '^ Constitution,'" captured the 
English frigate " Guerriere " [gdre-e-dre) ; and Cap- 
tain Decatur, in command of the frigate " United 
States," captured the British frigate "Macedonian" 
(1812). In a number of minor actions, the Ameri- 
cans were equally victorious. 

11. What did Commodore Perry gain in September, 
1813? 

A splendid victory on Lake Erie over an entire 
British fleet, every vessel of which surrendered to liim. 
Shortly after, the Americans gained a battle in Can- 
ada, in which the great Indian chief Tecumseh, the 
powerful ally of the English, was slain. By this de- 
cisive victory, Michigan was recovered, and the war 
ended on the northwestern frontier. 

12. What occurred in August, 1814 ? 

The British entered Washington and burned the 
Capitol and the president's house. They then pro- 
ceeded against Baltimore and bombarded Fort Mc- 
Henry, near that city, for twenty-five hours, but with- 
out success. During the fire, Francis S. Key, an 



154 NINETEENTH CENTURY, 

American detained on board one of the British ships, 
composed our national song, " The Star-Spangled 
Banner." 

13. What did the English attempt next ? 

An invasion of the South. Sir Edward Pakenham 
with an army of 12,000 men, attacked the City of 
New Orleans, which was defended by General Jack- 
son, who defeated the British with a loss of two thou- 
sand men, among whom was their commander. This 
was the last battle of the war (January 1, 1815). 

14. What had been effected in Europe meanwhile ? 

A treaty of peace between the United States and 
England, which was signed at Ghent (December 14, 
1814). The news reached here in the following Feb- 
ruary (1815), when peace Avas at once proclaimed and 
caused great joy throughout the country. 

15. V/hat State was admitted into the Union during 
Madison's second administration ? 

Indiana (1816). 

16. Who succeeded President Madison? 

James Monroe of Virginia (1817 — 1825), whose ad- 
ministration was known as the '"^era of good feeling." 
During it five new states were admitted to the Union : 
Mississippi (1817), Illinois (1818), Alabama (1819), 
Maine (1820), and Missouri (1821). 

17. What did the admission of Missouri into the Union 
occasion ? 

The passage of a bill in Congress entitled the " Mis- 
souri Compromise Bill," by which it was decided that 



FROM JEFFERSOJS^ TO BUCHANAN. 155 

with the exception of Missouri, slavery should be 
thenceforward excluded in the territory north of the 
parallel 36° 30', and west of the Mississii^pi. 

i8. What arose on the Southern frontier during Mun- 
roe's administration ? 

Trouble with the Seminole Indians Avho lived within 
the Spanish territory of Florida, which was quelled by 
General Jackson. In 1819 Spain ceded Florida to the 
United States. 

19. Who succeeded Monroe ? 

John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts (1825 — 1829). 
His administration was one of peace and prosperity 
and the nation advanced rapidly in population and 
wealth. The Erie Canal was opened, and the first 
railroad built. 

20. What occurred on the fiftieth anniversary of the Dec- 
laration of American Independence ? 

By a strange coincidence, two noted men passed 
away within a few hours of each other : Ex- President 
John Adams, father of the President, and Ex-Presi- 
dent Thomas Jefferson (July 4, 1826). 

21. Who succeeded President Adams ? 

Andrew Jackson of Tennessee (1829 — 1837). Dur- 
ing his administration an attemj)t to remove the In- 
dian tribes to west of the Mississippi was fiercely re- 
sisted by the Seminoles of Florida, under their chief 
Osceola, who was finally captured and sent to Fort 
Moultrie. The war still continued for several years, 
but finally ended in the defeat of the Indians by 
General Taylor (1837). 



156 NINETEENTH CENTURY. 

22. What two new States w^ere added to the Union dur- 
ing Jackson's administration ? 

Arkansas (1836), and Michigan (1837). 

23. Name the three Presidents who in turn succeeded 
Jackson. 

Martin Van Buren of New York (1837—1841), 
whose administration was noted for a severe financial 
crisis ; Harrison of Ohio, who lived but a short time 
after his inauguration (1841) ; and Tyler of Virginia, 
during whose administration Florida was admitted to 
the Union and Texas was annexed to it. 

24. By w^hom was Tyler succeeded ? 

James K. Polk of Tennessee (1845—1849.) The re- 
port of his nomination was the first news ever trans- 
mitted by telegraph in America. 

25. For -what w^as his administration noted ? 

For the war between Mexico and the United States 
concerning the annexation of Texas, which was con- 
cluded by the capture of Vera Cruz, and the city of Mex- 
ico, by General Scott (1847). By the treaty of peace, 
the United States obtained the whole of New Mexico 
and Upper California (February 2, 1848). 

26. What three States were added to the Union during 
Polk's administration ? 

Texas (1845), Iowa (1846), and Wisconsin (1848). 

27. Who succeeded Polk? 

Zachary Taylor of Louisiana (1849), who died a 
little more than a year after his inauguration. Dur- 
ing his administration gold was discovered in Call 



FROM JEFFERSON TO BUCHANAN. 



lot 



fornia, and au enormous emigration thither was the 
consequence. 

28. Who succeeded Taylor ? 

Millard Fillmore of New York served the remainder 
of the Presidential term (1850 — 1853), during which 




GOLD DIGGIKG. 



California was admitted to the Union (1850), and 
Japan sent an embassy of seventy persons to this 
country. 

29. Who succeeded President Fillmore ? 

Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire (1853—1857), 
during whose administration the Bill of the Missouri 
Compromise was repealed and a treaty negotiated with 
Japan which greatly promoted commerce with that 
country. 



158 NliS^ETEENTH CENTURY. 



SUMMARY. 



I. The 19th century opened with the removal of the seat of 
government from Philadelphia to Washington. The foUownig 
year Jefferson became President. In 1803, Louisiana was pur- 
chased from France. 

II. In 1812, during Madison's administration, a secoud war 
broke out with Great Britain, induced chiefly by that nation 
claiming the right to search American ships and take from 
thence alleged British deserters. It lasted two years and was 
ended by the Treaty of Ghent (December 24, 1814). 

III. Monroe's term of office was known as the "era of good 
feeling." During it the famous Missouri Compromise Bill was 
passed. John Quincy Adams' administration was noted as a 
period of peace and prosperity ; Jackson's for the Seminole 
War ; Van Buren's for a severe financial crisis ; and Harrison's 
for his sudden death. 

IV. During Tyler's administration, Texas was annexed to 
the United States. During the administration of his successor, 
Mr. Polk, a war was waged with Mexico concerning it, which 
terminated with the capture of the city of Mexico (1847). 

V. Taylor's brief administration was noted for the discovery 
of gold in California, and the enormous emigration thither 
which ensued ; Fillmore's for the Japanese Embassy ; and 
Pierce's for the Repeal of the Missouri Compromise Bill, and 
the negotiation of a treaty with Japan. 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



153 



LESSON II. 

THE CIVIL. WAR. 



of Richmond, Va. Washing- 
ton's mother dwelt there. 
Nevr Orleans. "The Crescent 
City," is the capital of Louis- 
iana, and situated on the 
Mississippi Eiver, 100 miles 
from its mouth. 



Richmond. The capital of 
Virginia. It is situated on 
the James River, 100 miles 
from its mouth. 

Fredericksburg. A town on 
the bank of the Rappahan- 
nock River, 65 miles north 

1. By whom was 
Pierce succeeded ? 

By James B u- 
chanan of Pennsyl- 
vania (1857-1861), 
during whose admin- 
istration tlie ' ' Slav- 
ery Agitation" 
reached its highest 
point. 

2. What States 
were admitted to the 
Union during Buchan- 
an's administration ? 

Minnesota (1858), 
Oregon (1859), and Kansas (1861). 

3. Of what was the State of Oregon formed ? 

Of a portion of the territory wliich had been secured 
to the United States by the boundary treaty of 184G 
with Great Britain. Its name means "wild rice," 
which grows in great profusion on the Pacific coast. 




BUCHANAN. 



IGO NINETEENTH CENTURY. 

4. Who established the faith in Oregon ? 

Rev. F. N. Blancliet and Eev. Modest Demers, who 
reached Fort Yancouver in November, 1838, after 
having traversed the summits of the Rocky Moun- 
tains. In 1846 Oregon City was erected into a met- 
ropolitan see, with Rev. F. N. Blanchet as Arch- 
bishop. 

5. What had been done in Idaho before this ? 

In 1840, Father John de Smet, the greatest Indian 
missionary of the century, had begun missions in that 
territory and established thriving missions among the 
Flatheads and other tribes. After having devoted his 
life and talents for thirty years to the conversion and 
civilization of savage tribes, he died at St. Louis in 
May, 1872. 

6. What occurred in 1859 ? 

''John Brown's Raid." This was an attempt by 
Captain John Brown to free the slaves. Having col- 
lected a small body of men, he seized the United 
States Arsenal at Harper's Ferry, a village of AVestern 
Virginia. His attempt, however, was defeated ; he 
was taken prisoner, and, along with several of his com- 
rades, tried and executed. 

7. What -was the population of the country during Bu- 
chanan's administration ? 

By the census of 1860, it was found to number 
nearly thirty-one and a half millions. 

8. By whom was Buchanan succeeded ? 

By Abraham Lincoln of Illinois (1861-1865), whose 
election was regarded by the slave states as dangerous 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



161 



to the interests of slavery. A few weeks after his elec- 
tion, South Carolina seceded from the Union (Decem- 
ber 20, 1860), and her example was soon followed by 
six other slave- 
holding states: 
Mississippi, Ala- 
bama, Florida, 
Georgia, Louisi- 
ana, and Texas. 

9. What did these 
States proceed to 
do? 

They formed a 
union under the 
title of " The Con- 
federate States of 
America, " adopt- 
ed a Constitution, 

and chose as PreS- Lincoln. 

ident Jefferson Davis of Mississippi, who had won dis- 
tinction both as a soldier and a statesman, 

10. What other States joined the Confederacy ? 
Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas. 

11. Where was the first gun fired in the Civil War ? 

At Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, which was 
captured by the Confederates (April 13, 1861). 

12. Where did the first serious conflict take place ? 

At Bull Run, a small stream in the northeastern 
part of Virginia. It resulted in a total defeat of the 
Union forces (July, 1861). 




162 



KIJSTETEEIs'TH CEXTURY. 



13. Who was placed in command of the Army of the Po- 
tomac in the latter part of 186 1 ? 

Major-General George B. McClellan. 

14. What two strongholds in the West were taken by 
General Grant in February, 1862? 

Fort Henry, on the Tennessee River, and Fort Don- 
elson, on tlie Cumberland River, Tennessee. 




INTEUNAL APPEARANCE OP FORT SUMTER. 



15. Describe what took place on March 8, 1862. 

Tlie Confederate iron-clad ''Merrimac" attacked 
the Union squadron in Hampton Roads and destroyed 
the wooden frigates " Cumberland '' and "Congress." 
The approach of night compelled her to defer attack 
ujDon the rest of the fleet until the morning. 



THE CIVIL WAK. 



163 



i6. What arrived upon the scene during the night ? 

The flouting battery ''Monitor." In the morning 
slie steamed alongside the *'Merrimac" and opened 
fire. The con- 
test thns begun 
lasted for two 
hours, during 
which the two 
iron-clads used 
more powerful 
guns than had 
ever before been 
used in a naval 
encounter, yet 
neither p r o- 
duced the slight- 
est effect on the 
other m'clellax. 




17. What ended the contest.? 

At length the " Monitor " sent a shell through the 
porthole of the " Merrimac/' which wounded several 
of her crew, whereupon the latter retreated, leaving 
the victory with the little ''Monitor," or "Yankee 
Cheese-Box," as the Confederates dubbed her (March 
9, 1862). 

18. What may be said to have resulted from this import- 
ant contest ? 

The substitution of iron vessels for wooden ones in 
the navies of the world. 



164 NIKETEENTH CENTURY. 

19. What took place in April, 1862 ? 

Aided by a land force under General Butler, Com- 
modore Farragut captured the city of New Orleans. 

20. What great political event occurred in 1862 ? 

The President's Proclamation of Freedom to the 
Slaves (September 22, 1862). 

21. What did General McClellan endeavor to effect dur- 
ing this year? 

The capture of Richmond, the Confederate Capital. 
He marched his army to the peninsula formed by the 
James and York Elvers in Virginia. Here, in April, 
he began what is known as the " Peninsular Cam- 
paign." 

22. Who was made commander-in-chief of the Confeder- 
ate armies in June, 1862 ? 

General Robert E. Lee of Virginia. He at once be- 
gan a series of engagements known as the " Seven 
Days' Battles of the Peninsula," which resulted in vic- 
tory for the Confederates ; except at Malvern Hill, 
where the Union troops triumphed (July 1, 1862). 

23. What did Lee effect during this campaign ? 

The capture of 10,000 prisoners and the destruction 
of an immense quantity of military stores. 

24. Where did McClellan's army take up its position 
after the battle of Malvern Hill ? 

At Harrison's Landing, on the James River. 

25. What course did Lee pursue ? 

He moved rapidly northward. Having gained the 
second battle of Bull Run, he crossed the Potomac 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



165 



into Maryland and encountered McClellan at Antie- 
tam {an-tee-tam) Creek. One of the severest battles 
of the war ensued, in which the Union troops were 
victorious (September 11, 1862). 




BCENE IN PBEDEBICK8BURG. 



26. Whither did Lee retreat ? 

Across tlie Potomac. General McClellan's conduct 
in permitting this retreat was disapproved, and in tlio 
following November he was removed from command, 
and General Burnside was put in his place, who 
crossed the Eappahannock and took Fredericksburg, 
but was obliged to retreat with great loss (December, 
1862). 



166 NINETEENTH CENTUEY. 

27. By what event was the beginning of the year 1863 
signalized ? 

By a victory of the Union troops at Murfreesboro, 
Tennessee, under General Rosecrans (January, 1863). 

28. What did Lee attempt during this year ? 

An invasion of the Northern States. Once more 
crossing the Potomac, he marched through Maryland 
and entered Southern Pennsylvania, but encountered 
the Union forces at Gettysburg. The terrible battle 
which followed resulted in the defeat of Lee (July 3, 
1863), and may be regarded as the turning point of 
the war. 

29. What occurred the following day ? 

Vicksburg, the largest city of Mississippi, surren. 
dered to General Grant. Shortly after. Port Hudson, 
on the Mississippi River, did likewise, and that stream 
was once more opened to Union troops. This was a 
great gain. 

30. What important event took place in March, 1864 ? 
The appointment of General Grant to the command 

of all the Union armies, with the title of lieutenant- 
general. He at once planned two great movements ; 
one against Richmond by the Army of the Potomac, 
under himself ; the other against Atlanta, under Gen- 
eral Sherman. 

31. What did Grant write to the President at the begin- 
ning of his campaign in Virginia ? 

'"I propose to fight it out on this line, if it takes all 
summer," and he persevered accordingly, although far 
from successful throughout the year. 



THE CIVIL WAR. 167 

32. Meanwhile, what did Sherman effect ? 

Having taken the city of Atlanta, he began his 
famous "March to the Sea" through Georgia, and 
late in December took Savannah. 

33. What did General Grant effect in 1865 ? 

The caj^ture of the city of Eichmond (April 3), and 
the surrender of General Lee (April 9). His surren- 
der was soon followed by that of the other Confederate 
Generals, and so the four years' Civil War came to an 
end. It had been fought to preserve the Union, but 
it had j)ut an end to slavery as well ; a result which 
few had anticii3ated. 

34. What shocking event occurred at the close of the war ? 
The assassination of President Lincoln, while sitting 

in the theatre (April 14, 18G5). The joy of the nation 
at the close of the war was changed into mourning. 
But even at this critical moment there was no disturb- 
ance in the government. Vice-President Andrew 
Johnson of Tennessee at once assumed the President's 
place. 

35. What States had been added to the Union during 
Lincoln's administration ? 

West Virginia (18G3), consisting of loyal counties 
which had been separated from the State of Virginia ; 
and Nevada (1864). 

36. What two great American Prelates passed away 
during the Civil War ? 

Archbishop Kenrick of Baltimore (1863), and Arch- 
bishop Hughes of New York (1864). Besides doing 
us efficient service at home, the latter had been the 
envoy of our government to Europe during the war. 



168 l^INETEENTH CE]!fT[JRY. 



SUMMARY. 

I. During Buchanan's Administration the "Slavery Agita- 
tion " reached its height. The election of Lincoln, a determined 
opponent of slavery, caused South Carolina to secede from the 
Union ; an example which was followed by ten other States. 

II. A war to preserve the Union followed. The first gun 
was fired upon Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, by the Con- 
federates (April 12, 1861). A few months later they totally de- 
feated the Union troops at Bull Run. 

III. In the beginning of the year 1862, the memorable naval 
contest between the "Monitor" and "Merrimac" took place in 
Hampton Roads, resulting in the victory of the Union "Moni- 
tor." Upon land, during this year, the Seven Days' Battles of 
the Peninsula, with the exception of that of Malvern Hill, re- 
sulted in victory to the Confederates. In the autumn, however, 
the Union troops won the terrific battle of Antietam Creek. 
The city of New Orleans was also captured during this year by 
Admiral Farragut. 

IV. The year 1863 opened with a Union victory at Murfrees- 
boro, Tenn. In July, the Union troops also won the decisive 
battle of Gettysburg, which was followed by the surrender of 
Vicksburg to General Grant. 

V. In 1864, General Grant was made commander-in-chief 
of the Union armies. He immediately planned a movement 
against Atlanta, under General Sherman, which resulted in its 
capture, along with Savannah. A second great movement was 
directed by himself against Richmond, and resulted in the fall 
of the Confederate Capital. This was shortly after followed by 
the surrender of General Lee (April 9, 1865), and so the four 
years' civil war came to an end. 

VI. The joy of the nation was changed into mourning by the 
news of the assassination of President Lincoln (April 14, 1865). 
He was immediately succeeded by Vice-President Johnson. 

VII. During the war, two great American Prelates, Arch- 
bishops Kenrick and Hughes, passed away. 



FKOM 1865 TO 1886. 169 

LESSON III. 

FROM 186S TO 1886. 



New York. The Metropolis of 
America. Situated mainly 
on Manhattan Island, at the 
mouth of the Hudson and on 
the East River. 

Philadelphia. The chief city 
of Pennsylvania, situated on 
the Delaware River, at the 



mouth of the Schuylkill 
River. 
Baltimore. The largest city 
of Maryland, situated on the 
Patapsco River; It has an 
extensive foreign and domes- 
tic trade, and is the largest 
tobacco market in the world. 



1. What did President Johnson at once issue ? 

A proclamation of amnesty or pardon io all con- 
cerned in the Rebellion. 

2. What was added to the United States Constitution ? 

An amendment abolishing slavery. 

3. What Acts did Congress pass in spite of the Presi- 
dent's opposition ? 

Eeconstruction Acts, by v/hich the seceded States 
^yere restored to the Union upon certain conditions. 

4. What occurred in 1867? 

The State of Nebraska was admitted to the Union, 
and the great region of Alaska was purchased from 
Russia for the sum of $7,200,000. 

5. What occurred in the spring of 1868 .'' 

The hostility between the President and Congress 
was brought to a crisis by the former's attempt to re- 
move the Secretary of War. The House of Represent- 
atives accused or '^impeached " him of violating the 
law, and demanded his removal from office. 



170 



NINETEENTH CENTURY. 



6. With what result ? 

The President was put on trial before the Senate, 
but acquitted (May 26, 1868). 

7. Who succeeded President Johnson ? 

Ulysses S. Grant, of Illinois (1869-1877), during 

whose adminis- 
tration all the 
seceded States 
were finally re- 
stored to the 
Union, and the 
enormous debt 
incurred during 
the war was 
greatly reduced. 

8. What im- 
portant event 
took place during 
the first year ot 
Grant's adminis- 
tration ? 




GEITEBAL GRANT. 



The completion of the Pacific Railway, by which a 
continuous line of railroad communication between 
the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans was perfected (18G9). 

9. What important event occurred during the second 
year of his administration ? 

The adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment to the 
Constitution, by which the negroes were made citizens 
and voters (March, 1870). 

10. What took place during the third year? 

The settlement of disputes which had arisen with 



FROM 1865 TO 1886. 



171 



England in regard to the damages done during the 
Civil War by Confederate privateers which had been 
built or re-fitted in England. This matter was known 
as the "Alabama Claims/' 

11. How was it finally settled ? 

By an international tribunal, which met at Geneva, 
Switzerland, and 
decided that 
Great Britain 
should pay the 
sum of $15,500,- 
000 in gold, to 
the United 
States ; and it 
was accordingly 
paid in 1873. 

12. What oc- 
curred in 1875? 

Pope Pius IX. 
created the ven- 
erable John Mc- 
Closkey, A r c h- 
bishop of New 
York, the first American Cardinal. The Beretta was 
conferred upon him in St. Patrick's Cathedral, in New 
York, which presented upon the occasion a scene of 
surpassing grandeur. 

13. What State was admitted into the Union in 1875 ? 

Colorado, the thirty-eighth State. 




CAEDINAL m'CLOSKET. 



173 



NINETEENTH CENTURY. 



14. What took place in 1876? 

The Centenuial Celebration of American Independ- 
ence. A great International Exhibition of arts, prod- 
uctS;, and manufactures was held at Philadelphia, in 
honor of the event. It remained open from May till 

November, a n d 
was visited by vast 
numbers of people. 

15. What did the 
next Presidential 
election create ? 

A great excite- 
ment, owing to the 
fact that the votes 
of the States were 
closely divided be- 
tween two leading 
candidates. Con- 
gress referred the 
matter to an Elec- 
toral Commission, which decided in favor of Euther- 
ford B. Hayes, of Ohio (1877-1881). 

16. What were the chief events of Hayes' administra- 
tion? 

The adoption of a pacific jiolicy in regard to the 
South ; troubles with the Indians, and the establish- 
ment of a treaty with China (1880). 

17. Who succeeded Hayes? 

James A. Garfield, of Ohio, who, a few months after 
his inauguration, was shot and mortally wounded by a 
man named Charles J. Guiteau (July 3, 1881). 




JAMES A. GABPIELD. 



FROM 1865 TO 1886. 173 

i8. What may be said of his brief administration ? 

He had adopted a conciliatory policy, aud, as the 
nation was prosperous and hopeful, another era of good 
feeling seemed to have begun. 

19. Who took the President's place ? 

The Vice-President, Chester A. Arthur, of New 
York, who, in the spring of 1885, was succeeded by 
the Democratic candidate, Grover Cleveland, of New 
York. 

20. What occurred in 1886 ? 

Pope Leo XIII. created Archbishop Gibbons, of the 
See of Baltimore, a Cardinal. The Beretta was con- 
ferred upon him on June 30, when the time-honored 
Cathedral of Baltimore presented a magnificent and 
imposing scene. 

21. How does Catholicism stand in the United States at 
present ? 

Whore, in 1800, Bishop Carroll toiled, the sole 
bishop, with a few priests, there are now fourteen 
Archbishops, one of whom is a Cardinal, sixty-three 
Bishops and Vicars Apostolic, while, according to the 
latest statistics, the Catholic population numbers eight 
millions. 

SUMMARY. 

I. Shortly after President Johnson's inauguration, he issued 
a Proclamation of Amnesty or pardon to all concerned in the 
late rebellion. 

II. Notwithstanding the opposition of the President, Con- 
gress passed Reconstruction Acts. This produced hostility be- 
tween Congress and the President, which finally culminated in 
the latter's impeachment and trial, at which he was acquitted. 



174 KIIfETEEKTH CENTURY. 

III. In 1869, General Grant was inaugurated President. 
During his administration the Fifteenth Amendment was 
adopted, and the dispute in regard to the Alabama Claims 
settled. 

IV. In 1875, Pope Pius IX. created the Most Kev. John 
McCloskey, of New York, the first American Cardinal. 

V. In 1876, the United States celebrated the Centennial 
Anniversary of American Independence. 

VI. In 1877, Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, was inaugurated 
President. His administration was noted for its conciliatoiy 
measures towards the South. 

VII. In 1881, James A. Gariield was inaugurated President. 
Within a few months after that event, he was shot and mortally 
wounded by Charles J. Guiteau, a disappointed office-seeker. 

VIII. Garfield was succeeded by Vice-President Chester A. 
Arthur, of Kew York, who was succeeded in 1885 by Grover 
Cleveland, the Democratic candidate, and twenty-second Presi- 
dent. 

IX. In 1886, His Holiness created the Most Rev, Archbishop 
Gibl)ons, of Baltimore, a Cardinal. 

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 

1800. — Capital removed from Philadelphia to Washington. 
1801. — Jefferson inaugurated President. 
1803. — Louisiana purchased from the French. 

Expedition of Lewis and Clarke. 
1805. — Jesuits restored in the United States. 
1806. — Dominicans found a home in Kentucky. 
1807. — Fulton's first steamboat, on the Hudson. 
1809. — Mother Seton establishes the Sisters of Charity at 
Emmettsburg. 

Madison inaugurated. 
1812. — War declared against England. 

Detroit surrendered. 
, Louisiana admitted to the Union. 

1813. — Perry's victory on Lake Erie. 



CHKONOLOGICAL TABLE. 175 

1814. — Fort McHenry bombarded. 

Treaty of Peace signed at Ghent. 
1815. — English defeated at New Orleans. 
1816. — Indiana admitted to the Union. 
1817. — Monroe inaugurated. 

First Seminole War. 

Ladies of Sacred Heart in New Orleans. 
1818. — Illinois admitted to the Union. 
1820. — Passage of Missouri Compromise Bill. 
1823. — Western Indian Missions renewed by Jesuits. 
1825. — John Q. Adams inaugurated. 
1826. — Death of Jefferson and John Adams. 
1829. — Jackson inaugurated. 
1835. — Second Seminole War. 
1887. — "Van Buren inaugurated. 
1840. — Indian Missions begun by Father De Smet. 
1841. — Harrison inaugurated. Dies. 

Tyler inaugurated. 
1845.— Polk inaugurated. 

Florida and Texas admitted to the Union. 
1846. — War with Mexico begun. 

Oregon City erected into a Metropolitan See. 

Iowa admitted to the Union. 
1847. — Capture of Vera Cruz, and surrender of the City of 

Mexico. 
1848, — Treaty of Peace between the United States and 
Mexico. * 

Gold discovered in California. 

Wisconsin admitted to the Union. 
1849. — Taylor inaugurated. 
1850.— Death of Taylor. 

Inauguration of Fillmore. 

California admitted to the Union. 
1853. — Pierce inaugurated. 
1854. — Repeal of Missouri Compromise Bill. 
1857. — Buchanan inaugurated. 
1858. — Minnesota admitted to the Union. 



176 ]S"INETEEN"TH CENTURY. 

1859. — Oregon admitted to the Union. 

1860. — South Carolina secedes from the Union. 

1861. — Kansas admitted to the Union. 

South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louis- 
iana, and Florida form a Confederacy ; Jefferson 
Davis elected President of the Confederacy ; Civil 
War begun ; Attack on Fort Sumter ; Virginia 
joins the Confederacy ; First Battle of Bull Run. 
1863. — Forts Henry and Donelson taken ; Contest between 
the " Merrimac" and ''Monitor" ; Capture of New 
Orleans ; Peninsular Campaign ; Invasion of Mary- 
land by Lee ; Battle of Antietam ; Battle of Fred- 
ericksburg. 
1863. — Battle of Murfreesboro ; Battle of Chancellorsville ; 
Battle of Gettysburg ; Surrender of Vicksburg. 
Death of Archbishop Kenrick. 
West Virginia admitted to the Union. 
1864. — Death of Archbishop Hughes. 

Capture of Atlanta ; Captui-e of Savannah. 
1865. — Surrender of Confederates. 
Assassination of Lincoln. 
Inauguration of Johnson. 
1867. — Impeachment of President Johnson. 
Alaska purchased. 
Nebraska admitted to the Union. 
1869. — Grant inaugurated. 

Pacific Railway completed. 
1875. — Archbishop McCloskey created Cardinal. 

Colorado admitted to the Union. 
1876. — Centennial of American Independence. 
1877. — Rutherford B. Hayes inaugurated. 
1881. — James A. Garfield inaugurated ; assassinated. 

Chester A. Arthur inaugurated. 
1884. — Third Plenary Council of Baltimore. 
1885. — Grover Cleveland inaugurated. 
1886. — Archbishop Gibbons, of Baltimore, created Cardinal. 



TABLE OF THE PRESIDENTS. 



177 



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QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 

N. B. — The writer would suggest that the pupil be permitted to give the 
answers iu his own language. 

PART I. 

I. WJiat is the Pre-Historic thrie of a country? 

Was America, inhabited during that time ? Who were the 
Mound-Builders once thought to have been ? What are they 
now thought to have been ? Who visited America in the tenth 
century ? 

II. JFJio discovered America in 1492 ? Who was 

Columbus ? Who finally aided him to carry out his great enter- 
prise ? How did the mariners of Palos regard the journey ? 
How did Columbus and his companions prepare for their voy- 
age ? On what day did they sail ? When did they see land ? 
What did Columbus do upon landing ? 

III. Iflien did Columbus return to S})ain? How 

was he received by Ferdinand and Isabella ? How many voy- 
ages did he make to the New World ? How was he treated dui*- 
ing the latter portion of his life ? Where did he die ? What 
other great discoverer did Spain send out in the fifteenth cen- 
tury ? What did Amerigo Vespucci discover ? How did Amei*- 
ica come to receive his name ? What great discoverers did 
England send out during the fifteenth centuiy ? What did 
Sebastian Cabot do in 1498 ? What was the result ? 

PART II. 

I. Name the principal Spanish explorers of the 
sixteenth century. What great missionaiy came to the 
New World in 1502 ? How did the Spaniards treat the Indians ? 
Which is the oldest city in the United States ? 



QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. If9 

II. What great French explorers were sent out by 
Francis I. of France? What coast did Verrazano ex- 
plore ? What great river did Cartier discover ? After whom 
did he name it ? 

III. IFJien tvas the first attempt made to colonize 
Virginia ? What great Englishman sent out the colony ? 
Did it succeed ? When did Raleigh make a second attempt ? 
What was the principal result of these attempts ? 

PART III. 

I. When tvas the first permanent settlement made 
in Virginia ? Who was the guiding spirit of this colony ? 
What anecdote does Smith relate in regard to Pocahontas ? 
What became of Pocahontas ? What formed the currency of 
Virginia ? What danger arose from the excessive cultivation 
of tobacco ? How was it cheeked ? 

II. Who founded the St. Savior Mission in 
Mlaine? Under what circumstances was the sacrament of~ 
Baptism first administered in New England ? Who settled 
Massachusetts ? Who were the Pilgrims ? What States were 
settled in consequence of their religious intolerance ? Who was 
Massasoit ? Wliat terrible war began in 1675 ? 

III. What great French explorer followed Car- 
tier ? What city did Champlain found ? Name the most cele- 
brated of the early French missionaries. Who were the Iro- 
quois ? What three Jesuits were martyred by them before the 
middle of the seventeenth century ? 

IV. IJliat did Henry Hudson discover? What did 
Holland do in consequence ? When and where was Mass first 
said in the State of New York ? From whom did New York 
receive its name ? What did the English Revolution of 1688 
cause in New York ? What did the Duke of York do with 
New Jersey ? Who afterwards bought the Jerseys ? 



180 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 

V. Jflio settled Maryland? What was observed by 
the Maryland colony ? What resulted from the admission of 
Protestants into the colony ? Who settled Delaware ? Penn- 
sylvania ? North Carolina ? South Carolina ? 

VI. Kanie the most celebrated of the Jesuits who 
replaced Brebceuf and his conij)anions. What did 

Father Dablon do ? Allouez ? What did Father Marquette 
discover ? La Salle ? 

VII. What did France 2)roceed to erect after the 
discoveries of 3Iarquette and La Salle? How did 

England view her proceedings ? What war resulted ? How 
did it terminate ? 

PART IV. 

I. Jfliat nnjiist law was enacted at the heginning 
of the eigJiteenth century? When did hostilities begin 
in Queen Anne's War ? How did Governor Moore treat the 
Christian Indians of Florida ? What terminated Queen Anne's 
War ? Describe Father Rasle's death. Who settled Georgia? 
What excitement arose in New York in 1741 ? When did King 
George's AVar break out ? What was its principal event ? 

II. Jfltat brought on the French and Indian 

War ? Who was sent to remonstrate with the French ? 
What four great expeditions were undertaken in this war ? 
What cruel act of the English was immortalized by Long- 
fellow ? 

III. What famous city was besieged during tJiis 

war ? What were the last words of Wolfe ? Of Montcalm ? ■ 
When was the Peace of Paris concluded ? 

IV. What caused the colonies to revolt against 
England ? What act was passed in 1765 ? When did the 
first American Congress meet ? Where was the first blood 
shed ? 



QUESTIONS FOE EEVIEW. 181 

V. Iflio was (i2)poiiited Coniitiander-in~chief of 
the American forces? Describe the Battle of Bunker 
Hill. Whither were Franklin, Chase, and the two Carrolls sent 
as ambassadors in 1776 ? 

VI. Hotv did November, 1776, find Washington 
and his army ? What did Washington achieve on the day 
after Christmas, 1776? What battles were fought in 1777? 
In 1778 ? Who was Lafayette ? What brilliant exploit was 
performed by General Wayne ? 

VII. Describe Arnold's treason. Whither did Corn- 
wallis march after his campaign in the Carolinas ? What did 
Washington plan in conjunction with the French ? How did it 
result ? How was the news of Cornwallis' surrender received 
in Philadelphia ? When did the British evacuate New York ? 
When was the Constitution framed ? Who was elected the 
first President ? When did he die ? Who was the second 
President ? 

VIII. TFJiat can be said of Catholics in the Mevo- 
lution ? How had they been treated previously ? Name 
some of the French who fought in the American cause. Some 
of the Irishmen or descendants of Irishmen. What aid did 
Spain give ? The Catholic Indians ? Who was consecrated 
first Bishop of the United States ? How large was his diocese ? 

PART V. 

I. Jf liat ivere the i>7"/nc/^?ff? events which took 
place during Jefferson- s adrninistratioit ? Who 

succeeded him ? Give some account of the War of 1813. 
What act was passed during Monroe's administration ? Name 
the Presidents from Jefferson to Buchanan. What war oc- 
curred during Polk's administration ? 

II. JFJiat occasioned the Civil War ? Where was the 
first gun fired ? Name some of the principal Northern vic- 
tories. Southern. Who was the greatest Northern general ? 



181 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 

The greatest Southern ? What closed the war ? What mourn- 
ful event took place at the close of the war ? 

III. What Acts did Coiiffress _2>a.ss in sjrite of the 
President's op2>osition? What did the House of Repre- 
sentatives do in regard to President Johnson ? Who succeeded 
Johnson ? What took place in 1875 ? What momentous event 
was celebrated in 1876 ? What did the next Presidential elec- 
tion cause ? Who became President ? Who succeeded Hayes ? 
What ended Garfield's administration ? Who succeeded him ? 
Who succeeded Arthur ? What occurred in 1886 ? 

MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 

I. Tfliat did the Maryland colonists style them- 
selves ? What did Father White say of the Potomac River ? 
What is the only State named after its founder ? Who was 
C^aptain MoUie ? What was the first news transmitted by tele- 
graph in the United States ? What does the word Oregon 
mean ? Who was Virginia Dare ? 

II. Wliat Indian took great delight in locking 
and unlocking his door? To whom was Pocahontas 
wedded ? Who named a lake in New York the "Lake of the 
Holy Sacrament"? Who changed the name to Lake George ? 
Whom does Archbishop Spalding style the Xavier of North 
America ? What missionary died on the shore of Lake Michi- 
gan ? Whom does Bancroft style "The Illustrious Triumvi- 
rate " ? 

III. How did the Virginia colonists lire? Who 

iliscovered the oil-springs of Pennsylvania ? The salt-springs 
of New York ? 

IV. iriiat great Spanish missionary devoted him- 
self to the Indians for sixty years? What Indian 
chief insisted upon his sons receiving Christian names ? What 
was caAled "The Hornets' Nest"? 



QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 183 

V. Wliat tvas the currency of Virginia at one 
time? How did rice come to be the principal industry of 
South Carolina ? What received the name of, and who founded, 
the City of Brotherly Love ? What was held there in 1876 ? 
What was an industry of Georgia before the Revolution ? 
When and where was the first newspaper published in the 
United States ? The first money coined ? 

VI. What was the old name of Boston? Who wrote 
the Declaration of Independence ? How did Teach, the pirate, 
add to the terror of his appearance ? 

VII. WJio tvas the first American Cardinal? The 

second ? What name has been given to Quebec ? To New Or- 
leans ? To Ogdensburg ? To Philadelphia ? Washington ? 
What great invention was made during Washington's adminis- 
tration ? 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



A Declaration by the Representatvies of the United 
States op America, in Congress Assembled, July 4, 1776. 

WJien, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one 
people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with an- 
other, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal 
station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a 
decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare 
the causes which impel them to the separation. 

TFe hold these truths to be self-evident — that all men are created 
equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable 
rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness ; 
that, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving 
their just powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any 
form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the 
people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its 
foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as 
to them shall seem most likely to eflect their safety and happiness. Pru- 
dence, indeed, wUl dictate that governments long established should not be 
changed for light and transient causes ; and, accordingly, all experience 
hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are suffer- 
able, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are 
accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing 
invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute 
despotism, it is their right, it is their duty to throw off such government, 
and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the 
patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which 
constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history 
of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and 
usurpations, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an absolute 
tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid 
world : 



DECLAEATIOK OF INDEPENDENCE. 185 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary 
for the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and press- 
ing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should 
be obtained ; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to 
them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large 
districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of repre- 
sentation in the Legislature — a right inestimable to them, and formidable to 
tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfort- 
able, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole 
purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing with 
manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others 
to be elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, 
have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the state remaining, 
in the mean time, exposed to all the danger of invasion from without and 
convulsions within. 

He Jias endeavored to prevent the population of these states ; for that 
purpose obstructing the [laws for naturalization of foreigners, refusing to 
pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions 
of new appropriations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his assent 
to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of 
their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of [new offices, and sent hither swarms of 
officers to harass our people and eat out their substance. 

He has hept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without 
the consent of our Legislature. 

He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to 
the civU power. 

He has combined ivitJi others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign 
to our Constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws, giving his assent to 
their acts of pretended legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among ns ; 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders 
which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states ; 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world ; 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent ; 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury ; 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences ; 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, 



186 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, 
80 as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the 
same absolute rule into these colonies ; v 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and 
altering fundamentally the powers of our governments ; 

For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested 
with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

Ite has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protec- 
tion, and waging war against us. 

He has lilundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, 
and destroyed the lives of our people. 

Jfc is, at thiji time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to 
complete the worlss of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with 
circumstances of cruelty and perflldy scarcely paralleled in the most barbar- 
ous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, 
to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their 
friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 

He Jias excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored 
to briug on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, 
whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, 
sexes, and conditions. 

In everij starje of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress in 
the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered only by 
repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act 
which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have tve been wanting in attention to our Briii-li brcthie::. We 
have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their Legislature 
to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them 
of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have ap- 
pealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, 
by the tics of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which 
would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, 
liave been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, there- 
fore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold 
them, as we hold the rest of mankind — enemies in war, in peace friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America 
in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the 
world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, iu the name and by the author- 
ity of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare that 
these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent 
states ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and 
that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, 
and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free and independent states, 
they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, estab- 



DECLAEATIOX OF IKDEPENDEJs"CE. 187 

lish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states 
may of right do. And for the support of this declaration, with a firm reli- 
auce on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each 
other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 

The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and 
signed by the following members : 

JOHN HANCOCK. 

Xfw Hampshire. — Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew 
Thornton. 

Massachusetts Hat/. — SAiiUEL Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat 
Paine, Eleridge Gerry. 

Rhode J«/fm<?.— Stephen Hopkins, William Ellert. 

Connecticut.— 'RoGWX Pherman, Samuel Huntington, William Wil- 
liams, Oliver Wolcott. 

Neie 17(i7.-.— William Flotd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, 
Lewis Morris. 

New tTer.sey .—RicuAKD Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hop- 
kenson, John Hart, Abraham Clark 

Peiins>/lr<niia. — Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Frank- 
lin, John Morton, George Cltmer, James Smith, George Taylor, 
James Wilson. Ghoeg" Ross. 

Delaware. — C^SAR Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Kean. 

3r«)7/7'»Hf?.— Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone. Charles 
Carroll of Carr( llton. 

Virt/inia. — George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, 
Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
Carter Braxton. 

North Carolina. — William Hooper. Joseph Hewes, Johs Penn. 

South Ca rol i na .—'Edwatu) Rutl;;dge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas 
Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton. 

r>>oi-f/(«.— Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. 



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HISTORY OF THE UN IT En STATES. 
SADLIEPS' NEff EIEMIiNTAPY OEOGJtAPHY. NO 1. 
SAI)7.IERS' NKW SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. NO. 2. 
GOLDEN PRIMER. 
METROPOLITAN SPELLER. 

METROPOLITAN SPELLER AND DEFINER. 
METROPOLITAN FIRST READER. 

SECOND READER. 

THIRD READER. 

FOURTH READER. 

FIFTH READER. 

SIXTH READER. 

READER— MRS. SADLIER'S. 2' 

liRIDGE'S ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA " 

CATECHISM OF SACRED HISTOHY.—MRS. SADLIEU'S. 
CATECHISM OF GEOGJiAJ'HY.—PINNOCES. 
i iRPEyTER'S SCHOLARS' SPELLING ASSISTANT 
CHRISTIAN BROTHEllS' I ABLE BOOK. 
DE CONCILIO'S ELEMENTS OF INTELLECTUAL 

PUICOSOPHT. 
KOL.VIIER'S FRENCH GRAMMAR. 
?I URI: A Y> S GRA MM A R. 
O'LEATiY'S BIBLE HISTORY. 
REEVrS' BIBLF. HISTORY. 
YENNI'S L4.TIN GRAMMAR. 
YENNTS GVEEK GRAMMAR. 
PARSONS' I'.IOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 
STEPPi^iG STONES TO GRAMMAR. 
STEJ'PING STONES TO GEOGRAPHY. 
SULLIVAN'S SPELLING BOOK SUPERSEDED. 
THE NEW BALTIMORE CATECHISM— LARGE. 
THE NFW BALTIMORE C ATECHISM— SMALL. 
THE NEW SUNDAY SCHOOL MANUAL, WITH BALTI- 

MORE CATECHISM. 
THE NEW SUNDAY SCHOOL HYMN BOOK. 
THE NEW SUNDAY SCHOOL MUSIC BOOK, "LAITDIS 
CORONA." 

D. & J. SADLIER & COMPANY, 



31 & 33 Barclay Street, NEW YOR 



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